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The food enzyme cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase ((1‐4)‐α‐d‐glucan 4‐α‐d‐[(1‐4)‐α‐d‐glucano]‐transferase; EC 2.4.1.19) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus strain AE‐KCGT by Amano Enzyme Inc. A safety evaluation of this food enzyme was made previously, in which EFSA concluded that this food enzyme did not give rise to safety concerns for adolescents, adults and the elderly in two food manufacturing processes. Subsequently, the applicant requested to extend its use to include four additional processes and revised the use levels. In this assessment, EFSA updated the safety evaluation of this food enzyme when used in a total of six food manufacturing processes. Dietary exposure was calculated to be up to 0.025 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. When combined with the no observed adverse effect level previously reported (2246 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested), the Panel derived a margin of exposure of at least 89,840. Based on the new data, the revised margin of exposure and the previous evaluation, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the revised intended conditions of use. This publication is linked to the following EFSA scientific opinion: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9221

The food enzyme 1,4‐α‐glucan branching enzyme ((1–4)‐α‐d‐glucan:(1–4)‐α‐d‐glucan 6‐α‐d‐[(1–4)‐α‐d‐glucano]‐transferase; EC 2.4.1.18) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Geobacillus thermodenitrificans strain TRBE14 by Nagase (Europa) GmbH. The production strain has been shown to qualify for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach. The food enzyme is intended to be used in cereal‐based processes, baking processes as well as meat and fish processing. Dietary exposure to the food enzyme–total organic solids (TOS) was estimated to be up to 0.29 mg TOS/kg body weight (bw) per day in European populations. Toxicological studies were not considered necessary given the QPS status of the production strain and the nature of the manufacturing process. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no match was found. The Panel noted that the food enzyme contains lysozyme, a known allergen. Therefore, allergenicity cannot be excluded. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns, under the intended conditions of use.

The food enzyme cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase ((1‐4)‐α‐d‐glucan:(1‐4)‐α‐d‐glucan 4‐α‐d‐[(1‐4)‐α‐d‐glucano]‐transferase; EC 2.4.1.19) is produced with the non‐genetically modified bacteria Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus strain TCM3‐539 by Hayashibara Co., Ltd. It is free from viable cells of the production strain. The food enzyme is intended to be used for the manufacture of glucosyl hesperidin and ascorbic acid 2‐glucoside. Since residual amounts of total organic solids are removed by filtration, adsorption, chromatography and crystallisation, dietary exposure estimation was considered not necessary. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and one match with a respiratory allergen was found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that the food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

The food enzyme cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase ((1→4)‐α‐d‐glucan 4‐α‐d‐[(1→4)‐α‐d‐glucano]‐transferase (cyclising), EC 2.4.1.19) is produced with Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus strain St‐88 by PureCircle USA. It is intended to be used in the manufacture of glycosylated steviol glycosides. Residual amounts of total organic solids are removed by the purification steps applied during the production of the modified steviol glycosides; consequently, dietary exposure was not calculated. For the same reason, toxicological studies other than assessment of allergenicity were not considered necessary. Similarity of the amino acid sequence of the food enzyme to those of known allergens was searched and four matches were found. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions by dietary exposure cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is considered to be low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of fat replacement by oat β-glucan concentrates on the physicochemical properties of beef burgers. The goal was to obtain a low-fat product accepted by consumers, having physicochemical parameters similar to the control sample, composed of β-glucan at least by 1%. This evaluation was based on basic composition, β-glucan and cholesterol content, colour and texture analysis, pH value, WHC, volatile compounds profile and sensory properties of burgers. Burgers with β-glucan concentrates had lower cholesterol content and higher WHC and texture (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness increase) parameters than control burgers. The highest overall acceptance scores among the samples with β-glucan were recorded for the sample with β-glucan 30% concentrate in amount of 4%. This modification could allow the substitution of traditional beef burgers with a healthier low-fat meat product with similar customer appeal.

The aim of this review is to provide a review of the immune system in fish, including the ontogeny, mechanisms of unspecific and acquired immunity and the action of some immunomodulators. Fish rely on their innate immune system for an extended period of time, beginning at the early stages of embryogenesis. The components of the innate immune response are divided into physical, cellular and humoral factors and include humoral and cellular receptor molecules that are soluble in plasma and other body fluids. The lymphoid organs found in fish include the thymus, spleen and kidney. Immunoglobulins are the principal components of the immune response against pathogenic organisms. Immunomodulatory products, including nucleotides, glucans and probiotics, are increasingly used in aquaculture production. The use of these products reduces the need for therapeutic treatments, enhances the effects of vaccines and, in turn, improves the indicators of production.

The food enzyme cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase ((1–4)‐α‐d‐glucan 4‐α‐d‐[(1–4)‐ α‐d‐glucano]‐transferase; EC 2.4.1.19) is produced with the non‐genetically modified Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus strain AE‐KCGT by Amano Enzyme Inc. The food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism. It is intended to be used in two food manufacturing processes. The dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 20.27 mg total organic solids (TOS)/kg bw per day in European populations. Genotoxicity tests did not raise safety concerns. The systemic toxicity was assessed by means of a repeated dose 90‐day oral toxicity study in rats. The Panel identified a no observed adverse effect level of 2246 mg TOS/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested, which when compared with the estimated dietary exposure, resulted in a margin of exposure (MoE) of at least 141 for infants, 111 for toddlers, 154 for children, 362 for adolescents, 508 for adults and 713 for the elderly. A search for the homology of the amino acid sequence of the cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase to known allergens was made and matches with three respiratory allergens were found. The Panel considered that a risk of allergic reactions upon dietary exposure to the food enzyme cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use for adolescents, adults and the elderly. The MoE is insufficient to exclude safety concerns for infants, toddlers and children. This publication is linked to the following EFSA scientific opinion: https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9222

Oat β-glucan fiber powder was added to pasta dough at levels of 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 g/kg. Pasta was dried at very high temperature and in a vacuum dryer. The cooking quality was evaluated based on the swelling index, water uptake, and cooking loss measurement. Further tests were carried out to determine the color, hardness, adhesiveness, total dietary fiber (TDF), and β-glucan content in pasta. The results showed that vacuum-drying had a significant impact on the cooking quality and physical properties of pasta. Water uptake and swelling index were higher and the cooking loss was lower in vacuum-dried pasta than in pasta dried using very high temperature (VHT) technology. The swelling index, water uptake, and cooking loss were significantly higher in samples with oat β-glucan fiber powder compared to control. Pasta with oat powder was darker, softer, and less sticky than semolina pasta. Lightness of vacuum-dried samples was higher while redness was lower than in conventionally dried samples.

In view of the growing expectations of meat products consumers (quality and sensory properties), the meat industry must develop functional products to meet the consumer requirements. In the experiment, the influence of oat β-glucan, canola oil and both on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, volatile compounds profile and sensory properties of beef burgers was analyzed. The beef tallow replacement by β-glucan, canola oil or both decreased the SFA and increased PUFA content. The consumption of one portion of product with canola oil and β-glucan can provide 57.6% of the daily amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n3). Volatile compounds analysis of grilled samples showed the presence of 1-penten-3-one and 2-methylpropanal only in case of groups with canola oil and butane-2-one in β-glucan group. This strategy improves not only the nutritional value but also the sensory properties and consumer acceptance. The obtained product may be labelled with health claims regarding oat β-glucan.

The effects of β-glucan particle size and the ratios of β-glucan to flour on the physicochemical properties of wheat rolls were examined. A total of 100, 195 and 280 µm particles were analyzed with flour replacement from 0% to 20%. Wheat rolls made with the various particles and flour replacement levels were measured for rheology, yield and volume, texture, color, porosity, total dietary fiber (TDF) content and β-glucan content. All products had a smaller volume compared to the control, whereas the lightness was not significantly affected. Texture analysis indicated that the most favorable textural values were observed for the formulation involving the 195 μm β-glucan particles. Rolls with the same flour replacement level using the smaller particles had a higher share of TDF due to the greater surface of water evaporation. The main finding from the research was that the best results in most measured parameters were observed using 195 µm dietary fiber preparation. Thus, particle size reduction might be used to improve product properties but only to a certain extent because the load of micronized fiber weakens the structure, resulting in decreased product quality.