Explore the vast range of titles available.

Purpose It is widely argued that money laundering (ML) is not a new phenomenon and the pervasiveness of ML is associated with some severe economic, social and political costs. Due to the lack of studies on the ML’s issue in the UAE, this study aims to examine the determinants of ML in the country between 1975 and 2020. Design/methodology/approach The autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing results demonstrate the presence of long-run relationship between ML and the selected macroeconomics variables. The analysis is validated by the dynamic ordinary least squares, the fully modified ordinary least squares and the canonical co-integration regression estimators. Findings The estimation result reveals that while the real estate market, outflow of money, arms procurement and size of the underground economy influences the size of ML positively, gold trade, the level of financial development and the size of economic activities are negatively associated with ML, both in the short- and long-run. Originality/value Up to date from a country-level analysis, no study has been devoted to the ML in UAE, except for Aljassmi et al. (2023). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the determinants of laundered money in the UAE economy. Based on these outcomes, strategies and measures which will deter the laundering of illicit funds through the real estate and gold market, remittance system, financial system and arms procurement contracts in the UAE are recommended.

Tadmekka, a town at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, has produced good evidence for making gold coins in the ninth–tenth century AD, the first concrete proof of coinage in pre-colonial West Africa. These were produced by melting gold dust or nuggets in ceramic moulds, similar to those used for the first pellet-like coinage of the European Iron Age. The authors suggest these coins were not political statements, but were probably blank and intended to facilitate the busy early Islamic caravan trade to destinations north, south or east. On arrival at the Mediterranean coast, these blank pieces would have been melted down or converted into inscribed coins by the local authorities.

Seaborne trade underpinned the economy and society of east Africa's Swahili coast in the first part of the second millennium ad. Field study and examination of satellite images have led to the conclusion that a major construction effort was expressly conducted to safeguard shipping undertaking that trade. The purpose of causeways and platforms initially noted on the approaches to Kilwa Kisiwani Harbour has been reassessed on discovery that similar features extend for over 120km along the coast of south-east Tanzania. Located in relationship to the reef margin, these structures are believed to have been navigational aids for ships plying the gold-trading Sofala-Kilwa route in the early fourteenth or fifteenth centuries. Accordingly, they complement the Swahili urban architecture of the period in providing a unique inter-tidal stone architecture of worldwide significance in maritime history.

In a context of intensifying struggles to secure access to mineral resources, governments systematically endorse large-scale mining. In many regions, though, artisanal mining is a very important livelihood, from which different groups of people derive benefits. Understanding the micro-functioning of this sector, and thus understanding how people gain access to mineral resources, is a primary task for development actors. This article seeks to describe and analyse empirically how people benefit from artisanal mining and trade and which institutions and power relations shape their ability to benefit. Using the gold mines in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study, the article demonstrates that artisanal miners and traders not only face constraints but also seize opportunities through forum shopping, personal relations and ‘informal’ norms. It also shows how people use ‘access mechanisms’ to secure access to the gold and to mitigate the uncertainties created by the particular institutional context. Dans un contexte où les luttes pour sécuriser l’accès aux ressources minérales s’intensifient, les gouvernements soutiennent systématiquement l’exploitation minière à grande échelle. Pourtant, dans de nombreuses régions, l’exploitation minière artisanale est un moyen de subsistance très important, bénéficiant différents groupes. Comprendre le micro-fonctionnement de ce secteur et comment leurs acteurs accèdent aux ressources minérales est essentiel pour le développement. Cet article a pour but de décrire et d’analyser empiriquement comment les populations tirent profit de l’exploitation et du commerce miniers, et quelles institutions et relations de pouvoir façonnent leur capacité à en bénéficier. En utilisant les mines d’or de l’est de la République démocratique du Congo comme étude de cas, nous démontrons que les petits exploitants miniers font certes face à des contraintes, mais peuvent également saisir de nouvelles opportunités par l’intermédiaire de relations personnelles, d’exploitation de normes ‘informelles’, et des processus de surenchère. Nous examinons également comment les populations concernées utilisent certains ‘mécanismes d’accès’ pour sécuriser l’accès à l’or et lutter contre les incertitudes propres au contexte institutionnel.

This article reconsiders the political organization of Fante, a leading state of the Gold Coast, during the seventeenth century, mainly on the basis of contemporary European records. It questions the conventional depiction of Fante as lacking any effective central authority, showing that the Brafo (head of state) in fact exercised significant power. However, there were recurrent conflicts, both between the Brafo and other chiefs in the capital, and between the capital and the provinces. These tensions are situated within the context of growing European trade in gold and slaves, and endemic local warfare, which generated new resources that upset the existing balance of power.

In the 1950s Hong Kong was the centre of the Southeast Asian gold trade due to its traditional facilities as an entrepot. In the postwar period, however, this trade took place illegally, which distorted the direction of the trade. This article surveys the British attitude to the gold market in the immediate postwar period, using archival records from the British Treasury and the Bank of England. The changing pattern of the gold trade between the major centres of Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand is then described. The gold market offers an almost unique view of the pattern of smuggling trade in the region due to detailed reports in the local press and investigations at the time by the Bank of England.

The gold of Wicklow left a lasting legacy in cultural and political if not economic terms. Here, Alborn traces ways in which Wicklow residents sought both to \"recover\" and to \"re-cover\" Irish gold. He examines, on the one hand, persistent efforts to find and exploit more gold and, on the other hand, a range of cultural representations of Wicklow gold and its meanings. Furthermore, he presents a brief economic and cultural history on the relationship of Ireland to Britain in the nineteenth century.

The atlantic periplus of Ophelas could be have realized to instance of Alexander, ca. 331-323 BC, to evaluate the carthaginian presence in the North African Atlantic facade, before his projected campaign against Carthage and later try to reach the Columns of Herakles by the African coast. A second possibility could be during the period of Ophelas as governor of Cyrene, between 322 and 312 BC, before the preparations of his campaign against Carthage the 308 BC, to seek information on the destination points of the land caravans that were transporting gold powder until the North African Atlantic facade. The policy of Ophelas as governor had as priority the control of the land route of the gold, ivory, animal skins, ostrich pens, slaves, etc. that was arriving from the Chad lake by the Oasis of Dschofra and the desert of Fezzan. His objective was diverted the trade progressively toward Alexandria, in detriment from Carthage, after obtaining to relocate the frontier between Egypt and Carthage in the Euphrantas Tower, current region of the Syrtis, displacing some 150 km. westward the ancient limit between Carthage and the Cyrenaean in the arae Philaenorum.

Résumé Dans cet article, on se propose de comparer l’attribution de prix au système des brevets d’invention. Les données comprennent un échantillon de produits exposés et primés aux expositions de l’industrie organisées par la Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, entre 1837 et 1874. Les résultats révèlent les facteurs qui ont conduit des auteurs d’inventions particulières soit à tenter de bénéficier de retours grâce aux droits de propriété intellectuelle, soit à chercher des institutions alternatives. Les lauréats de prix tendent à appartenir aux classes plus privilégiées que l’ensemble des détenteurs de brevets, comme on peut l’évaluer à partir de la fortune et du statut des inventeurs lors des expositions. De plus, l’octroi de prix est moins systématique que celui de brevets, et n’est pas lié à des critères de productivité de l’innovation comme le capital inventif ou le succès commercial de l’invention. JEL Code: N 71, O31, O 34

The atlantic periplus of Ophelas could be have realized to instance of Alexander, ca. 331-323 BC, to evaluate the carthaginian presence in the North African Atlantic facade, before his projected campaign against Carthage and later try to reach the Columns of Herakles by the African coast. A second possibility could be during the period of Ophelas as governor of Cyrene, between 322 and 312 BC, before the preparations of his campaign against Carthage the 308 BC, to seek information on the destination points of the land caravans that were transporting gold powder until the North African Atlantic facade. The policy of Ophelas as governor had as priority the control of the land route of the gold, ivory, animal skins, ostrich pens, slaves, etc. that was arriving from the Chad lake by the Oasis of Dschofra and the desert of Fezzan. His objective was diverted the trade progressively toward Alexandria, in detriment from Carthage, after obtaining to relocate the frontier between Egypt and Carthage in the Euphrantas Tower, current region of the Syrtis, displacing some 150 km. westward the ancient limit between Carthage and the Cyrenaean in the arae Philaenorum.