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"golf course"
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Dose responses of silvery-thread moss (Bryum argenteum) to carfentrazone-ethyl
Carfentrazone-ethyl is one of few herbicides labeled for control of silvery-thread moss (STM) in golf course putting greens, but common use rates are up to three times higher than for broadleaf weeds. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of a single POST application of carfentrazone-ethyl for STM control in greenhouse and field dose response studies. In the greenhouse, carfentrazone-ethyl was applied at 0, 14, 28, 56, 112, and 224 g ai ha–1 to pots containing established STM and creeping bentgrass. Percent gametophyte injury was visually estimated at 14, 28, 49, and 77 d after treatment (DAT). Shoot viability was determined by excising shoots from treated pots and plating them in Petri dishes containing sand. The 28- and 49-DAT ED90 (doses required to cause 90% gametophyte injury) were 26.8 and 54.3 g ha–1, respectively; both of these doses are substantially lower than the label rates for long- and short-term control, respectively. All doses reduced the viability of transplanted shoots at 10 DAT compared to untreated STM; however, regrowth occurred in all Petri dishes by 17 DAT. Field studies were initiated in Manhattan, KS and San Luis Obispo, CA to corroborate greenhouse results. Averaged across locations, carfentrazone-ethyl applied at 56 and 112 g ha–1 caused 76% and 84% STM injury at 14 DAT, but STM injury quickly lessened to 45% and 48% by 28 DAT, respectively. In greenhouse and field studies, STM recovery did not occur until 2 wk after treatment (WAT), which indicates the label-stipulated application interval of 2 wk is too short. Our research suggests that 56 g ha–1 can provide similar burndown control of STM as compared to the highest label rate (112 g ha–1), and turfgrass managers should consider extending the reapplication interval to 3 or 4 wk when moss recovery is observed. Nomenclature: Carfentrazone-ethyl; silvery-thread moss; Bryum argenteum Hedw.; creeping bentgrass; Agrostis stolonifera L.
Journal Article
Acceptance intention toward kiosk technology in golf courses
This study examined users' intention to accept the introduction of kiosks into golf courses by using the Technology Readiness Index 2.0 and the technology acceptance model. We conducted an online survey of 274 golf course users and used structural equation modeling to analyze the data.
The analysis showed that golf course users were ready to accept new technology in the form of kiosks, owing to their greater efficiency and convenience. On the basis of our findings, golf courses should provide a seamless service to users, raising their awareness of kiosks and encouraging
them to consider these as easy and convenient to use.
Journal Article
Evaluation of Visual and Functional Quality of Grass and Trees at RSJMM Heritage Golf Field in Bogor City
RSJMM Heritage Golf Club is the oldest golf course in Bogor City. The quality of a golf course depends on the quality of the grass, both visually and functionally. It is also influenced by the tree that performs as a natural challenge for the game. The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the visual quality of grass and trees, (2) to evaluate the functional quality of grass, and (3) to propose maintenance plan recommendations. The methods used in this research were observation, interview, and literature review. Furthermore, the data obtained were analyzed using Pearson correlation, Binomial test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The result shows that the average visual quality of the tree is categorized as very good. Meanwhile, the visual quality of the grass shows that grass density is classified as moderate for the green area and high for the tee box and fairway areas. The color, color uniformity, the presence of particles, and the texture of 3 areas met the standard. The functional quality of the grass indicated that pruning height in 3 areas, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, and root length other than 1 area met the standard. The elasticity of the grass is included in the category of fast and medium fast for regular play. The result of this study provides recommendations for a maintenance plan to develop the quality of RSJMM Heritage Golf Club.
Journal Article
A survey of soil fertility in turfgrass soil of Japanese golf courses by using SOFIX technique
Japan has numerous golf courses, covering up to 0.37% of the country's total land area. These golf courses require intensively managed turf, and the soil environment in turfgrass fields differs significantly from that in agricultural environments. To understand the characteristics of turfgrass fields in Japan, a study was conducted that constructed and analyzed a database of 178 soil samples from golf courses across the country using the soil fertility index (SOFIX) technique. The turfgrass field database was statistically compared with agricultural field databases, including upland, paddy, and orchard fields, using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results indicated that the average bacterial biomass in turfgrass fields was 6.1 × 108 cells per gram of soil, which is comparable to that in orchard and upland fields (p > 0.01). The average values for total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) were 9,960 mg/kg, 540 mg/kg, 390 mg/kg, and 1,560 mg/kg, respectively, with these values distributed within narrow ranges. Although the levels of TC, TN, TP, and TK in turfgrass fields were lower than those in agricultural fields (p < 0.01), the bacterial biomass remained relatively high. These findings suggest that turfgrass fields in Japanese golf courses are likely managed with similar practices, characterized by intensive application of chemical fertilizers. The high bacterial biomass is attributed to carbon sources from clipping activities and reduced fumigation practices on golf courses. Further research on the application of organic fertilizers is recommended to promote sustainable land use and improve turfgrass management practices in golf courses across Japan.
Journal Article
Environmental and Economic Analysis of Repurposed Wind Turbine Blades for Recreational Trail Bridges
A two-parameter environmental (measured in CO2eq—CO2 is used in this paper to represent the carbon dioxide molecule as opposed to the chemical formula CO2 as is common practice in LCA studies; CO2eq is an abbreviation for CO2 equivalent and may be written as CO2e in the literature) and economic (measured in USD) analysis using life cycle analysis (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) of repurposed wind turbine blades for structural use in recreational trail bridges (e.g., on hiking trails and golf courses) is described in this paper. The US Department of Energy’s TECHTEST TEA/LCA software (v1.0) platform was used to compare three commercially available trail bridges (a steel truss bridge, an FRP pultruded truss bridge, and a glulam stringer bridge) with a bridge made from retired wind turbine blades (known as a BladeBridge). All bridges had a 50 ft (15.24 m) long by 6 ft (1.83 m) wide deck and were designed for a 90 psf (4.3 kN/m2) live load. The LCA functional unit was the assembled bridge, which was made ready to be shipped from the fabricator. Cradle-to-gate (A1–A3, i.e., raw material extraction, transportation, and manufacturing) system boundaries were used. For the BladeBridge, no embodied carbon was attributed to the blade itself (cut-off system allocation). For the TEA, a USD 660/tonne credit was attributed to the blade. The raw materials for each bridge were determined from detailed construction documents. Manufacturing and transportation energy were determined based on the equipment used for fabrication and geographical location. Direct labor for fabrication was calculated based on a weighted average of salaries taken from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. The results indicate that raw materials had the biggest effect on embodied CO2eq and that labor had the largest impact on cost for all bridges. The results indicate that the BladeBridge is significantly less expensive to produce and releases less CO2eq into the environment (less Global Warming Potential (GWP)) than the three commercially available bridges. Additional TEA metrics for the BladeBridge, including Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and future market potential, were also evaluated and found to be positive for the BladeBridge technology.
Journal Article
Biology and management of the Rhodesgrass mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in turfgrass
Abstract
The Rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis Maskell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a serious pest of grasses (Poaceae). On golf course putting greens, nymphs and adults of A. graminis feed on vascular bundles, which initially appear as yellowing and stunting but gradually develop into browning and severe thinning by the fall. In this paper, we review the biology and management options for A. graminis problems in turfgrass, especially in golf courses in the southern United States. Because most of the research on A. graminis has been conducted in pasture systems and the biology of A. graminis rarely varies between pasture and turfgrass systems, research conducted in pastures is discussed in this paper.
Journal Article
Quantifying golf course water use efficiency using three water balance models of varying complexity
Background Three water balance models were used to quantify water use efficiency on 71 golf courses in the United States. The golf courses were separated into five geographic regions. Methods The United States Golf Association (USGA), Tipping‐Bucket (TB), and Agro‐IBIS (AG) water balance models were used to estimate golf course water requirements. Actual water use was divided by the water requirement from each model to generate three water efficiency scores for each golf course (WESUSGA, WESTB, and WESAG). Results The mean WESUSGA was 1.16, the mean WESTB was 1.25, and the mean WESAG was 1.17. Thus, golf courses in this study used between 16% and 25% more water than predicted by the three models. The coefficients of variation of WESUSGA, WESTB, and WESAG were all 0.45 or higher, indicating that some golf courses used significantly more or less water than predicted by the models. Rooting depth, irrigated area, and soil texture were especially important modeling parameters for the golf course water requirement calculations. Conclusions While onsite evaluation should still be carried out to verify the assumptions made by the water balance models, the models are promising tools to quickly identify golf course superintendents who are likely to be using water efficiently and those who could use less.
Journal Article
Analysis of Relationship between Service Quality of Food and Beverage and Customer Behaviors for Sustainable Golf Course Management
This study verified the analysis of the relationship between service quality of food and beverage and customer behaviors for sustainable golf course management. This study employed triangulation design, a mixed methods research framework that compares the results of quantitative and qualitative investigations. The quantitative study verified the effects of service quality of food and beverage on customer loyalty and willingness to recommend online. The subjects of the quantitative study analyzed the responses of 372 golfers over 20 who use driving ranges in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. The results of the quantitative study were as follows. First, reliability and responsiveness among sub-factors of service quality had a positive effect on customer loyalty. Second, empathy among sub-factors of service quality had a positive effect on willingness to recommend online. Third, customer loyalty had a positive effect on willingness to recommend online. Fourth, customer loyalty had a mediating effect on the relationship between reliability among sub-factors of service quality and willingness to recommend online. For the qualitative study, six research participants were selected, and in-depth interviews were conducted on golfers’ preference and non-preference factors for food and beverage services at golf courses’ clubhouses. The qualitative research results are as follows. First, golf participants recognized that the speed of food preparation and prompt provision of food and beverages were significant. Second, the food flavors and the clubhouse restaurant’s physical environment were also deemed important. Third, poor quality of food and beverage facilities and meals negatively affect the reliability and willingness to recommend the golf course. This study is unique in that it adopted a mixed methods approach, which has not been done in related previous studies.
Journal Article