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Liberal Protectionism
What does organized trade portend for the future of the post-World
War II trading order? Are we seeing a transition from liberalism to
protectionism? These questions are central to Vinod K. Aggarwal's
penetrating analysis of conflict and cooperation in trade among
developed and less developed countries. In his examination of the
evolution of organized trade, Aggarwal specifically analyses
international regimes in textile and apparel trade. The author uses
an original theoretical approach to investigate international
regimes. Why are regimes desirable? Aggarwal shows how such accords
can protect broader arrangements, allow countries to control one
another's behavior, and minimize information and organization costs
in negotiations. Several factors account for the form of regimes.
The strength of regimes is enhanced by an asymmetry of
international power. A hegemon is more willing and able to maintain
a regime. Both the nature and scope of regimes are determined by
the relative degree of trade competition and cognitive consensus
among actors. As trade competition increases, and actors decide to
link related issues, regimes become more protectionist in their
goals and wider in their coverage. Aggarwal's theory successfully
accounts for the transformation of international regimes in textile
trade, demonstrating the importance of systematically incorporating
international level factors into our theories. His empirical work
is based on extensive archival research and interviews with key
negotiators. Aggarwal concludes that the pattern of international
cooperation which evolved in textile trade provides a portrait of
the future for trade in other industrial sectors. He finds the
trend of arrangements in textile trade disturbing and argues that
organized trade will not prevent-and may in fact promote a slide
from liberalism to protectionism. Regimes originally developed to
counter protectionism may evolve into systems of organized
protection that encourage neither efficiency nor equity. A lucid
analysis of recent historical developments in textile trade, this
study sheds light on the movement toward increasing protection in
other sectors of trade as well. It is a significant work that will
prove valuable to those who study international trade and regimes.
This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program,
which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek
out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach,
and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices
Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship
accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title
was originally published in 1986.
eBook
The communist judicial system in China, 1927-1976 : building on fear
Drawing on hundreds of newly released judicial archives and court cases, this book analyzes the communist judicial system in China from its founding period to the death of Mao Zedong. It argues that the communist judicial system was built when the CCP was engaged in a life-or-death struggle with the GMD, meaning that the overriding aim of the judicial system was, from the outset, to safeguard the Party against both internal and external adversaries. This fundamental insecurity and perennial fear of loss of power obsessed the Party throughout the era of Mao and beyond, prompting it to launch numerous political campaigns, which forced communist judicial cadres to choose between upholding basic legal norms and maintaining Party order. In doing all of this, 'The Communist Judicial System in China, 1927-1976: Building on Fear' fills a major lacuna in our understanding of communist-era China.
BOOK
Regimes of Ethnicity and Nationhood in Germany, Russia, and Turkey
Akturk discusses how the definition of being German, Soviet, Russian and Turkish radically changed at the turn of the twenty-first century. Germany's ethnic citizenship law, the Soviet Union's inscription of ethnic origins in personal identification documents and Turkey's prohibition on the public use of minority languages, all implemented during the early twentieth century, underpinned the definition of nationhood in these countries. Despite many challenges from political and societal actors, these policies did not change for many decades, until around the turn of the twenty-first century, when Russia removed ethnicity from the internal passport, Germany changed its citizenship law and Turkish public television began broadcasting in minority languages. Using a new typology of 'regimes of ethnicity' and a close study of primary documents and numerous interviews, Sener Akturk argues that the coincidence of three key factors – counterelites, new discourses and hegemonic majorities – explains successful change in state policies toward ethnicity.
eBook
Migrant Youth, Transnational Families, and the State
Each year, more than half a million migrant children journey from countries around the globe and enter the United States with no lawful immigration status; many of them have no parent or legal guardian to provide care and custody. Yet little is known about their experiences in a nation that may simultaneously shelter children while initiating proceedings to deport them, nor about their safety or well-being if repatriated. Migrant Youth, Transnational Families, and the State examines the draconian immigration policies that detain unaccompanied migrant children and draws on U.S. historical, political, legal, and institutional practices to contextualize the lives of children and youth as they move through federal detention facilities, immigration and family courts, federal foster care programs, and their communities across the United States and Central America.Through interviews with children and their families, attorneys, social workers, policy-makers, law enforcement, and diplomats, anthropologist Lauren Heidbrink foregrounds the voices of migrant children and youth who must navigate the legal and emotional terrain of U.S. immigration policy. Cast as victims by humanitarian organizations and delinquents by law enforcement, these unauthorized minors challenge Western constructions of child dependence and family structure. Heidbrink illuminates the enduring effects of immigration enforcement on its young charges, their families, and the state, ultimately questioning whose interests drive decisions about the care and custody of migrant youth.
eBook
Community Rights, Conservation and Contested Land
Natural resource governance is central to the outcomes of biodiversity conservation efforts and to patterns of economic development, particularly in resource-dependent rural communities. The institutional arrangements that define natural resource governance are outcomes of political processes, whereby numerous groups with often-divergent interests negotiate for access to and control over resources. These political processes determine the outcomes of resource governance reform efforts, such as widespread attempts to decentralize or devolve greater tenure over land and resources to local communities.
This volume examines the political dynamics of natural resource governance processes through a range of comparative case studies across east and southern Africa. These cases include both local and national settings, and examine issues such as land rights, tourism development, wildlife conservation, participatory forest management, and the impacts of climate change, and are drawn from both academics and field practitioners working across the region.
Published with IUCN, The Bradley Fund for the Environment, SASUSG and Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
eBook
Immigration, Islam, and the Politics of Belonging in France
Over the past three decades, neither France's treatment of Muslims nor changes in French, British, and German immigration laws have confirmed multiculturalist hopes or postnationalist expectations. Yet analyses positing unified national models also fall short in explaining contemporary issues of national and cultural identity.Immigration, Islam, and the Politics of Belonging in France: A Comparative Frameworkpresents a more productive, multifaceted view of citizenship and nationality. Political scientist Elaine R. Thomas casts new light on recent conflicts over citizenship and national identity in France, as well as such contentious policies as laws restricting Muslim headscarves. Drawing on key methods and insights of ordinary language philosophers from Austin to Wittgenstein, Thomas looks at parliamentary debates, print journalism, radio and television transcripts, official government reports, legislation, and other primary sources related to the rights and status of immigrants and their descendants. Her analysis of French discourse shows how political strategies and varied ideas of membership have intertwined in France since the late 1970s. Thomas tracks the crystallization of a restrictive but apparently consensual interpretation of French republicanism, arguing that its ideals are increasingly strained, even as they remain politically powerful. Thomas also examines issues of Islam, immigration, and culture in other settings, including Britain and Germany.Immigration, Islam, and the Politics of Belonging in Francegives scholarly researchers, political observers, and human rights advocates tools for better characterizing and comparing the theoretical stakes of immigration and integration and advances our understanding of an increasingly significant aspect of ethnic and religious politics in France, Europe, and beyond.
eBook
Risk regulation and administrative constitutionalism
This book is a study of the interrelationship between risk regulation, public law, and theories of legitimate administrative governance.
eBook
The Economics of Water Scarcity in the Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) is the most water scarce region in the world.This report uses an economics lens to understand the institutions through which scarce resources are allocated and managed across competing needs.
eBook
Lessons of Disaster
Even before the wreckage of a disaster is cleared, one question is foremost in the minds of the public: \"What can be done to prevent this from happening again?\" Today, news media and policymakers often invoke the \"lessons of September 11\" and the \"lessons of Hurricane Katrina.\" Certainly, these unexpected events heightened awareness about problems that might have contributed to or worsened the disasters, particularly about gaps in preparation. Inquiries and investigations are made that claim that \"lessons\" were \"learned\" from a disaster, leading us to assume that we will be more ready the next time a similar threat looms, and that our government will put in place measures to protect us. In Lessons of Disaster, Thomas Birkland takes a critical look at this assumption. We know that disasters play a role in setting policy agendas—in getting policymakers to think about problems—but does our government always take the next step and enact new legislation or regulations? To determine when and how a catastrophic event serves as a catalyst for true policy change, the author examines four categories of disasters: aviation security, homeland security, earthquakes, and hurricanes. He explores lessons learned from each, focusing on three types of policy change: change in the larger social construction of the issues surrounding the disaster; instrumental change, in which laws and regulations are made; and political change, in which alliances are created and shifted. Birkland argues that the type of disaster affects the types of lessons learned from it, and that certain conditions are necessary to translate awareness into new policy, including media attention, salience for a large portion of the public, the existence of advocacy groups for the issue, and the preexistence of policy ideas that can be drawn upon. This timely study concludes with a discussion of the interplay of multiple disasters, focusing on the initial government response to Hurricane Katrina and the negative effect the September 11 catastrophe seems to have had on reaction to that tragedy.
eBook