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National Health Spending: Faster Growth In 2015 As Coverage Expands And Utilization Increases
Total nominal US health care spending increased 5.8 percent and reached $3.2 trillion in 2015. On a per person basis, spending on health care increased 5.0 percent, reaching $9,990. The share of gross domestic product devoted to health care spending was 17.8 percent in 2015, up from 17.4 percent in 2014. Coverage expansions that began in 2014 as a result of the Affordable Care Act continued to affect health spending growth in 2015. In that year, the faster growth in total health care spending was primarily due to accelerated growth in spending for private health insurance (growth of 7.2 percent), hospital care (5.6 percent), and physician and clinical services (6.3 percent). Continued strong growth in Medicaid (9.7 percent) and retail prescription drug spending (9.0 percent), albeit at a slower rate than in 2014, contributed to overall health care spending growth in 2015.
Journal Article
Testing the relationships between energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth in 24 African countries: a panel ARDL approach
This study complements existing literature by examining the nexus between energy consumption (EC), CO₂ emissions (CE), and economic growth (GDP; gross domestic product) in 24 African countries using a panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The following findings are established. First, there is a long-run relationship between EC, CE, and GDP. Second, a long-term effect from CE to GDP and EC is apparent, with reciprocal paths. Third, the error correction mechanisms are consistently stable. However, in cases of disequilibrium, only EC can be significantly adjusted to its long-run relationship. Fourth, there is a long-run causality running from GDP and CE to EC. Fifth, we find causality running from either CE or both CE and EC to GDP, and inverse causal paths are observable. Causality from EC to GDP is not strong, which supports the conservative hypothesis. Sixth, the causal direction from EC to GDP remains unobservable in the short term. By contrast, the opposite path is observable. There are also no short-run causalities from GDP, or EC, or EC, and GDP to EC. Policy implications are discussed.
Journal Article
Gini coefficient, GDP per capita and COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review of ecologic studies
Background
Since December 2019, when Wuhan officially reported COVID-19, the disease has spread globally, revealing significant variations in mortality rates influenced by socio-economic factors and health policies. This study aims to identify two predictors of COVID-19 mortality differences—GDP (Gross Domestic Product), and Gini Coefficient index—across various countries through a systematic review.
Methods
The study was a systematic review conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy was searched in the titles and abstracts of the articles in three main databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Gini Coefficients and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the countries were used as mortality predictors. The initial search yielded 331 articles, which were assessed for quality using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Ultimately, 31 articles were included in the final synthesis.
Results
Most studies analyzed data from multiple countries, with only ten of the thirty-one articles focusing on a single nation. Initial research in 2020 aimed to understand the immediate socioeconomic factors affecting COVID-19 outcomes. Later studies in 2021 and 2022 explored more complex interactions between the pandemic and socioeconomic factors, while long-term outcomes were published in 2023 and 2024. Some studies found a paradoxical relationship between GDP and COVID-19 mortality rates, whereas most indicated a positive correlation between COVID-19 mortality rates and the Gini index.
Conclusion
Both income inequality and GDP significantly influence COVID-19 mortality rates. While a higher GDP can provide some protective benefits, it does not completely shield countries from high mortality, especially when considering economic activity and demographics. Researchers consistently identify income inequality as a predictor of poorer health outcomes, highlighting the need for equitable health and social policies to mitigate vulnerabilities in future pandemics.
Journal Article
Economic growth dominates rising potential flood risk in the Yangtze River and benefits of raising dikes from 1991 to 2015
Flooding in the Yangtze River Basin could severely damage socio-economic development, river ecosystems, food security, hydropower production and transportation in China. The Yangtze River Basin accounts for approximately 30% of China’s gross domestic product (GDP) and is an engine for the country’s rapid economic growth. One commonly held belief is that climate change has intensified extreme flood events, leading to increasing economic damage in the Yangtze River. Here, we quantitatively attributed economic exposure to climate change (i.e. climate-induced changes in weather-related events) and GDP growth, and assessed benefits, i.e. the reduction in economic exposure, from flood defence dikes of varying heights. To do this, we developed a framework by combing a large scale hydrological model, a hydraulic model, and long-term GDP data. We find that climate-induced changes in flood inundation area and resulted economic exposure were decreasing overall, whereas GDP growth drove the increases of potential economic exposure to floods. We also reveal that the basin average flood defence dikes should be at least approximately 3.5 m high to achieve an about ten-year average flood occurrence. Our results have significant policy and socioeconomic development implications.
Journal Article
Renewable energy, carbon emissions, and economic growth in 24 Asian countries: evidence from panel cointegration analysis
This article aims to investigate the relationship among renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions, and GDP using panel data for 24 Asian countries between 1990 and 2012. Panel cross-sectional dependence tests and unit root test, which considers cross-sectional dependence across countries, are used to ensure that the empirical results are correct. Using the panel cointegration model, the vector error correction model, and the Granger causality test, this paper finds that a long-run equilibrium exists among renewable energy consumption, carbon emission, and GDP. CO
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emissions have a positive effect on renewable energy consumption in the Philippines, Pakistan, China, Iraq, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. A 1% increase in GDP will increase renewable energy by 0.64%. Renewable energy is significantly determined by GDP in India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, Malaysia, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Mongolia. A unidirectional causality runs from GDP to CO
2
emissions, and two bidirectional causal relationships were found between CO
2
emissions and renewable energy consumption and between renewable energy consumption and GDP. The findings can assist governments in curbing pollution from air pollutants, execute energy conservation policy, and reduce unnecessary wastage of energy.
Journal Article