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"growth habit"
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Better than before : mastering the habits of our everyday lives
\"Habits are the invisible architecture of our lives. Rubin provides an analytical and scientific framework from which to understand these habits--as well as change them for good, ... [illustrating] the core principles of habit formation with dozens of strategies that she uses herself and tests out on others. Rubin provides tools to help readers better understand themselves, and presents [this] ... menu of strategies so readers can take an individualized approach\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
GWAS and bulked segregant analysis reveal the Loci controlling growth habit-related traits in cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Background
Peanut (
Arachis hypogaea
L.) is a grain legume crop that originated from South America and is now grown around the world. Peanut growth habit affects the variety’s adaptability, planting patterns, mechanized harvesting, disease resistance, and yield. The objective of this study was to map the quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with peanut growth habit-related traits by combining the genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) and bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq) methods.
Results
GWAS was performed with 17,223 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 103 accessions of the U.S. mini core collection genotyped using an Affymetrix version 2.0 SNP array. With a total of 12,342 high-quality polymorphic SNPs, the 90 suggestive and significant SNPs associated with lateral branch angle (LBA), main stem height (MSH), lateral branch height (LBL), extent radius (ER), and the index of plant type (IOPT) were identified. These SNPs were distributed among 15 chromosomes. A total of 597 associated candidate genes may have important roles in biological processes, hormone signaling, growth, and development. BSA-seq coupled with specific length amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) method was used to find the association with LBA, an important trait of the peanut growth habit. A 4.08 Mb genomic region on B05 was associated with LBA. Based on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay distance, we narrowed down and confirmed the region within the 160 kb region (144,193,467–144,513,467) on B05. Four candidate genes in this region were involved in plant growth. The expression levels of
Araip.E64SW
detected by qRT-PCR showed significant difference between ‘Jihua 5’ and ‘M130’.
Conclusions
In this study, the SNP (AX-147,251,085 and AX-144,353,467) associated with LBA by GWAS was overlapped with the results in BSA-seq through combined analysis of GWAS and BSA-seq. Based on LD decay distance, the genome range related to LBA on B05 was shortened to 144,193,467–144,513,467. Three candidate genes related to F-box family proteins (
Araip.E64SW
,
Araip.YG1LK
, and
Araip.JJ6RA
) and one candidate gene related to PPP family proteins (
Araip.YU281
) may be involved in plant growth and development in this genome region. The expression analysis revealed that
Araip.E64SW
was involved in peanut growth habits. These candidate genes will provide molecular targets in marker-assisted selection for peanut growth habits.
Journal Article
Atomic habits : tiny changes, remarkable results : an easy & proven way to build good habits & break bad ones
James Clear, an expert on habit formation, reveals practical strategies that will teach you how to form good habits, break bad ones, and master the tiny behaviors that lead to remarkable results. He draws on proven ideas from biology, psychology, and neuroscience to create an easy-to-understand guide for making good habits inevitable and bad habits impossible.
BOOK
Multiple origins of the determinate growth habit in domesticated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
• Background and Aims The actual number of domestications of a crop is one of the key questions in domestication studies. Answers to this question have generally been based on relationships between wild progenitors and domesticated descendants determined with anonymous molecular markers. In this study, this question was investigated by determining the number of instances a domestication phenotype had been selected in a crop species. One of the traits that appeared during domestication of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is determinacy, in which stems end with a terminal inflorescence. It has been shown earlier that a homologue of the arabidopsis TFL1 gene -PvTFL1y -controls determinacy in a naturally occurring variation of common bean. • Methods Sequence variation was analysed for PvTFL1y in a sample of 46 wild and domesticated accessions that included determinate and indeterminate accessions. • Key Results Indeterminate types - wild and domesticated -showed only synonymous nucleotide substitutions. Determinate types - observed only among domesticated accessions - showed, in addition to synonymous substitutions, non-synonymous substitutions, indels, a putative intron-splicing failure, a retrotransposon insertion and a deletion of the entire locus. The retrotransposon insertion was observed in 70 % of determinate cultivars, in the Americas and elsewhere. Other determinate mutants had a more restricted distribution in the Americas only, either in the Andean or in the Mesoamerican gene pool of common bean. • Conclusions Although each of the determinacy haplotypes probably does not represent distinct domestication events, they are consistent with the multiple (seven) domestication pattern in the genus Phaseolus. The predominance of determinacy in the Andean gene pool may reflect domestication of common bean prior to maize introduction in the Andes.
Journal Article
Habit changers : 81 game-changing mantras to mindfully realize your goals
\"What would you like to change in your life? Be more focused at work? Communicate more effectively? Find work-life balance? Make smarter decisions? Be more patient with your team or family? Have greater self-confidence? Less stress? Just--be happier? Often, the biggest obstacle to change lies in our most deeply ingrained habits: those automatic thought processes that operate outside our consciousness, and yet have a profound impact on our behavior, shaping everything from how we respond to challenges to how we engage with others. The good news is that we [may be able to] rewire our mental habits for the better\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Genome-wide identification of the MADS-box gene family and their role in the formation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) growth habits
Background
The MADS-box gene family is important in florescence development and flower organ formation. Members can directly or indirectly influence leguminous crops growth habits. However, this gene family in faba bean (
Vicia faba
L.) and its role in the development of various growth habits have not been systematically reported.
Results
We identify 82
VfMADS
genes in faba bean. Phylogenetic relationships, gene structure, conserved motifs, and expression patterns in varieties with different growth habits are investigated. Of them, 41 VfMADS proteins are classified as Type II and are attributed to 11 subfamilies. We report 12 pairs of tandem duplication events in
VfMADS
genes that involve 26 genes.
Cis
-acting elements in promoter regions suggest that these genes are involved mainly with hormone and stress responses. A new type of semi-determinate growth habit is reported for faba bean and transcriptome sequencing reveals 56 MADS-box genes to be differentially expressed in accessions with 3 types of growth habits. Significant differences are reported for expression levels of 10
VfMADS
genes in different growth habits and tissues, indicating that
VfMADS
genes are closely related to floral transition, especially the floral termination at the shoot apex.
Conclusions
We systematically identify MADS-box genes in faba bean and investigate their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distribution, conserved motifs,
cis
-acting elements and expression patterns in faba bean with different growth habits. By doing so, we improve understanding of the regulatory network of growth habits and provide a theoretical basis for future studies on the functional characteristics of
VfMADS
genes in faba bean.
Journal Article
The genetic basis of shoot architecture in soybean
Shoot architecture refers to the three-dimensional body plan of the above ground organs of the plant. The patterning of this body plan results from the tight genetic control of the size and maintenance of meristems, the initiation of axillary growth, and the timing of developmental phase transition. Variation in shoot architecture can result in dramatic differences in plant productivity and/or grain yield due to their effects on light interception, photosynthetic efficiency, response to agronomic inputs, and environmental adaptation. The fine-tuning of shoot architecture has consequently been of great interest to plant breeders, driving the need for deeper understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms governing these traits. In soybean, the world’s most important oil and protein crop, major components of shoot architecture include stem growth habit, plant height, branch angle, branch number, leaf petiole angle, and the size and shape of leaves. Key genes underlying some of these traits have been identified to integrate hormonal, developmental, and environmental signals modulating the growth and orientation of shoot organs. Here we summarize the current knowledge and recent advances in the understanding of the genetic control of these important architectural traits in soybean.
Journal Article
Metrics of Growth Habit Derived from the 3D Tree Point Cloud Used for Species Determination-A New Approach in Botanical Taxonomy Tested on Dragon Tree Group Example
Detailed, three-dimensional modeling of trees is a new approach in botanical taxonomy. Representations of individual trees are a prerequisite for accurate assessments of tree growth and morphological metronomy. This study tests the abilities of 3D modeling of trees to determine the various metrics of growth habit and compare morphological differences. The study included four species of the genus Dracaena: D. draco, D. cinnabari, D. ombet, and D. serrulata. Forty-nine 3D tree point clouds were created, and their morphological metrics were derived and compared. Our results indicate the possible application of 3D tree point clouds to dendrological taxonomy. Basic metrics of growth habit and coefficients derived from the 3D point clouds developed in the present study enable the statistical evaluation of differences among dragon tree species.
Journal Article
A SNP-based association analysis for plant growth habit in worldwide cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Germplasm
Cowpea is a legume widely grown in Africa, North, Central and South America, and Asia. The cowpea plant growth habits consist of erect, semi-prostrate, and prostrate types. Developing a cultivar while considering plant growth habit is essential within a breeding program since the need for a particular growth habit is region-specific, and significantly depends on the end user preference. Some cowpea growers might prefer erect types over semi-prostrate and prostrate types, while others would chose prostrate types, which provide more leaves for feed supplies to livestock. However, very little is known regarding the genetics of plant growth habit in cowpea to assist plant breeders in developing suitable cowpea cultivars having the desired growth habit plus the other required features. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to conduct an association mapping for cowpea growth habit, and to identify SNP markers associated with this trait. A total of 487 cowpea genotypes were evaluated for growth habit and a total of 1031 SNPs postulated from genotyping-by-sequencing to conduct association analysis study for cowpea growth habit. Our results showed that: (1) significant differences in cowpea growth habit were identified between countries, (2) the cowpea erect-type was prevalent, and (3) ten SNP markers, C35060651_729, C35061339_799, C35062457_1855, C35072764_1384, C35080248_2355, Scaffold2771_4351, Scaffold29522_3213, Scaffold35913_2678, Scaffold53560_188, and Scaffold58098_4297, were significantly associated with cowpea growth habit. These results could be used for enhancing marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding programs aimed at developing cowpea cultivars having a particular growth habit.
Journal Article
Vrn-H2 locus is a major determinant of flowering time in a facultative x winter growth habit barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mapping population
With the aim of dissecting the genetic determinants of flowering time, vernalization response, and photoperiod sensitivity, we mapped the candidate genes for Vrn-H2 and Vrn-H1 in a facultative x winter barley mapping population and determined their relationships with flowering time and vernalization via QTL analysis. The Vrn-H2 candidate ZCCT-H genes were completely missing from the facultative parent and present in the winter barley parent. This gene was the major determinant of flowering time under long photoperiods in controlled environment experiments, irrespective of vernalization, and under spring-sown field experiments. It was the sole determinant of vernalization response, but the effect of the deletion was modulated by photoperiods when the vernalization requirement was fulfilled. There was no effect under short photoperiods. The Vrn-H1 candidate gene (HvBM5A) was mapped based on a microsatellite polymorphism we identified in the promoter of this gene. Otherwise, the HvBM5A alleles for the two parents were identical. Therefore, the significant flowering time QTL effect associated with this locus suggests tight linkage rather than pleiotropy. This QTL effect was smaller in magnitude than those associated with the Vrn-H2 locus and was significant in two-way interactions with Vrn-H2. The Vrn-H1 locus had no effect on vernalization response. Our results support the Vrn-H2/Vrn-H1 repressor/structural gene model for vernalization response in barley and suggest that photoperiod may also affect the Vrn genes or tightly linked loci.
Journal Article