Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"This volume is a grammatical sketch of Hainan Cham, an endangered tonal Austronesian language. The study focuses on three areas: social background and contact history, the grammar (including all the recorded vocabulary), and a description of the sound system (including acoustic description). The appendixes also include the wordlist of Sanya Chinese forms and four analyzed texts\"-- Provided by publisher.

Abstract Background The thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) is not included in the national immunization program and is administered voluntarily with informed consent in China. In preparation for assessing the impact of pilot introduction in Hainan Province, we conducted a carriage study among children under 5 years of age from four locations in Hainan Province, China. Methods From March to June 2022, nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, collected from healthy children aged younger than 59 months who lived in the 4 different locations (Haikou, Wanning, Baisha and Qiongzhong) in Hainan Province, were tested for pneumococcus using conventional culture. Pneumococcal isolates were serotyped using the Quellung reaction. Risk factors associated with pneumococcal colonization were assessed using univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression adjusting for age, daycare attendance and other factors. Results Pneumococcus was isolated in 710 (30.4%) of the 2333 children enrolled. Of 737 pneumococci, 29 serotypes were identified; 60.9% were PCV13 serotypes; the most common vaccine serotypes were 6B (20.4%), 19F (13.0%), 6A (11.9%) and 23F (6.1%); and the most common nonvaccine serotypes were 23A (12.9%), 34 (6.1%) and nontypeable (NT) pneumococci (5.6%). Children vaccinated with PCV13 had lower carriage (17.7% vs 32.5%; P = 0.0001) and fewer PCV13 serotypes (41.9% vs 62.7%; P = 0.0017) compared to unimmunized children. After adjustment, NP carriage was higher among children attending daycare (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.7–3.2), living in rural areas (aOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1–1.8), living with siblings (aOR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0–1.6) and whose mothers had completed senior high/technical secondary school (aOR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1–2.0). In contrast, completion of 3–4 doses of PCV13 were associated with a lower carriage rate (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.9). Conclusions We established the baseline of pneumococcal carriage, serotype distribution and PCV13 immunization rates among healthy children under 5 years of age in Hainan Province, prior to the introduction of PCV13 into the national immunization program. The high proportion of PCV13 serotypes suggests that PCV13 introduction will likely have a substantial impact on pneumococcal carriage in Hainan Province. Graphical Abstract

The spider fauna of the Ogasawara Islands, oceanic islands located 1,000 km south of mainland Japan was comprehensively examined by the National Museum of Nature and Science in 2011, which revealed that approximately 70% of the spider fauna was composed of non-native species. Following the preceding study, however, only descriptions of several new species have been added and no major updates have been made for the overall spider fauna of the Islands.The faunistic survey of spiders conducted on Chichi-jima Island, the largest island in the Ogasawara Islands in 2023 revealed the presence of two ground-dwelling spider species, Oedignatha scrobiculata Thorell, 1881 (Araneae, Liocranidae) and Boagrius qiong Lin & Li, 2022 (Araneae, Palpimanidae) on the Island. This represents the first record of the two species from Japan, the first record of palpimaid spiders from Japan and the initial documentation of liocranid spiders in the Ogasawara Islands.

How ecologically similar species coexist in human‐impacted tropical islands remains poorly understood. We investigated the spatiotemporal niche partitioning and interspecific interactions between the endangered, endemic Hainan Peacock‐Pheasant ( Polyplectron katsumatae ) and the more common Hainan Silver Pheasant ( Lophura nycthemera whiteheadi ) to assess how anthropogenic pressure mediates their coexistence. Using 125 camera traps (28,241 trap‐days) and hierarchical Bayesian occupancy modeling, we quantified their activity patterns, habitat preferences, and spatial associations across a human disturbance gradient in Hainan's tropical montane rainforest. The pheasants exhibited clear temporal segregation: the Peacock‐Pheasant was strictly crepuscular, whereas the Silver Pheasant was diurnal with a single morning peak, and their activity overlap was lower in the wet season than in the dry season. Spatially, they showed contrasting preferences: the Silver Pheasant occupied higher elevations with high NDVI, while the Peacock‐Pheasant preferred mid‐elevations with medium NDVI and proximity to water in the dry season. Despite this niche differentiation, a significant positive spatial association was detected (Species Interaction Factor: 2.48–3.01), indicating co‐occurrence was more frequent than expected by chance. However, human disturbance critically modulated this relationship. The Peacock‐Pheasant was extremely disturbance‐sensitive, its occupancy declining to near zero in areas of high human impact. The Silver Pheasant exhibited greater tolerance, with occupancy peaking at intermediate disturbance levels. Our results demonstrate a coexistence mechanism stabilized by multidimensional niche partitioning but rendered conditional and fragile by anthropogenic pressure. Conservation must prioritize protecting core habitats for the sensitive Peacock‐Pheasant while maintaining landscape connectivity and managing disturbance gradients to preserve this intricate interspecific dynamic.

During the existence of Proto-Tethys Ocean (550–430 Ma), microcontinents in northern East Gondwana merged with the northern margin of India-Australia, completing the assembly of Gondwana. Ongoing controversy surrounds the disappearance of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, the dynamic mechanisms of suturing and the palaeogeographic relationships among microcontinents in northern East Gondwana, contributing to the uncertainty about the tectonic evolution of the region. This paper concerns the lower Silurian Zusailing Formation in the Hainan Island and focuses on the affinity between Hainan Island and various microcontinents in northern East Gondwana during the early Silurian. We use detrital zircon geochronology to reconstruct the closure process of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and show that the detrital zircon U–Pb age groups of the lower Silurian Zusailing Formation are 2800–2200, 2100–1350, 1250–950, 600–480 and 480–430 Ma, with a significant age peak of ca. 449 Ma. Furthermore, the analysis of detrital zircon geochemistry and europium anomalies shows that the Hainan Island crust continued to thicken during 600–434 Ma. Comparing the age spectrum of early Palaeozoic detrital zircons from Hainan Island and various microcontinents in northern East Gondwana, as well as the affinity among them during the Silurian, we conclude that the closure of the eastern Proto-Tethys Ocean evolved from unidirectional subduction (600–480 Ma) to bidirectional subduction (480–430 Ma).

Current understanding of the position of nighttime convection initiation (CI) center over Hainan Island remains significantly limited. This study comprehensively clarifies what locks the position of the nighttime CI center in Hainan Island. The nighttime CI occurrence over Hainan Island requires warm and moist environmental winds, which primarily generate strong convergence in the southwestern‐to‐eastern offshore region, where nighttime CI occurrence is first locked. Concurrently, the intrinsically phase‐locked inertial oscillation of sea breezes over the South China Sea causes strong convergence between sea breezes and land breezes in the southern‐to‐eastern offshore region, where nighttime CI occurrence is second locked. Ultimately, the coupling between upper‐level easterlies and low‐level environmental winds induces strong vertical wind shear over the southwestern and southern sides of the island, where CI development is highly suppressed. These triple mechanisms collectively lock the nighttime CI center into the southeastern offshore region of Hainan Island.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1283037.].

Blastocystis sp. is an important gastrointestinal parasite with global distribution, prevalent in humans, farmed animals, and wildlife. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Blastocystis sp. in Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines ( Atherurus macrourus ), bamboo rats ( Rhizomys pruinosus ), and masked palm civets ( Paguma larvata ) in Hainan Province, China. A total of 900 fecal samples were collected from three farmed animal species including 257 porcupines, 360 rats, and 283 civets. Genomic DNA was extracted from each fecal sample and Blastocystis sp. was detected by PCR at the small subunit ribosomal RNA ( SSU rRNA) gene. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method. Blastocystis sp. was detected in 47 (5.2%) fecal samples: 12 (4.7%) Asiatic brush-tailed porcupines, 8 (2.2%) bamboo rats, and 27 (9.5%) masked palm civets. Three known Blastocystis sp. subtypes, including ST1, ST4, ST5, and one unnamed subtype (unST), were found in one, 19, 26, and one animal, respectively. Subtypes ST4 and unST were detected in porcupines, ST4 in rats, and ST1 and ST5 in civets. Our results suggest that the three farmed animal species reported in this study could serve as reservoirs for potentially zoonotic Blastocystis sp. subtypes and transmit this parasite to humans, other farmed animals, and wildlife. Blastocystis sp. est un parasite gastro-intestinal important avec une distribution mondiale, répandu chez les humains, les animaux d’élevage et la faune. Par conséquent, cette étude visait à étudier la prévalence et la diversité génétique de Blastocystis sp. chez les athérures à longue queue ( Atherurus macrourus ), les rats des bambous ( Rhizomys pruinosus ) et les civettes masquées ( Paguma larvata ) dans la province de Hainan, en Chine. Au total, 900 échantillons fécaux ont été collectés sur ces trois espèces animales d’élevage dont 257 athérures, 360 rats et 283 civettes. L’ADN génomique a été extrait de chaque échantillon fécal et Blastocystis sp. a été détecté par PCR au niveau du gène de la petite sous-unité de l’ARN ribosomal. Un arbre phylogénétique a été construit en utilisant la méthode du maximum de vraisemblance. Blastocystis sp. a été détecté dans 47 (5,2 %) échantillons fécaux : 12 (4,7 %) athérures, 8 (2,2 %) rats et 27 (9,5 %) civettes. Trois sous-types de Blastocystis sp., dont ST1, ST4, ST5 et un sous-type sans nom (unST), ont été trouvés respectivement chez 1, 19, 26 et 1 animal. Les sous-types ST4 et unST ont été détectés chez les athérures, ST4 chez les rats et ST1 et ST5 chez les civettes. Nos résultats suggèrent que les trois espèces animales d’élevage concernées par cette étude pourraient servir de réservoirs à des sous-types potentiellement zoonotiques de Blastocystis sp. et transmettre ce parasite aux humains, à d’autres animaux d’élevage et à la faune.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the spatiotemporal patterns of land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes on the dynamics of carbon storage in a tropical region of China by linking the trajectory analysis of LULC changes and the InVEST model. Based on remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS) and change trajectories, the spatiotemporal evolution of LULC changes was explored. This evolution could be coupled with the spatiotemporal LULC change trajectories and the InVEST model for the quantitative study of the spatial distribution and temporal variation in regional carbon stocks. The results showed that during the 2000–2020 period, the built-up land continually increased to 206.05 km 2 through urban expansion, and forestland became the dominant type of land, with an area of 357.39 km 2 . In addition to the change in land use, the carbon storage in the study region increased by 4.87 Tg C. The anaphasic trajectory had the largest area ratio at 7.05% in the total area, while the prophasic trajectory contributed to the largest increase in carbon storage, 5.87 Tg C. Moreover, the repetitive trajectories had no impact on carbon sinks and sources, whereas the anaphasic trajectory and the continual trajectory imposed passive impacts on carbon storage. These advances in research underpin scientific efforts to improve the understanding of the relationship between the optimization of land-use structure and patterns and the carbon storage service in the Nandu River Basin.