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sensitive hare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares
1. Prey responses to high predation risk can be morphological or behavioural and ultimately come at the cost of survival, growth, body condition, or reproduction. These sub-lethal predator effects have been shown to be mediated by physiological stress. We tested the hypothesis that elevated glucocorticoid concentrations directly cause a decline in reproduction in individual free-ranging female snowshoe hares, Lepus americanus. We measured the cortisol concentration from each dam (using a faecal analysis enzyme immunoassay) and her reproductive output (litter size, offspring birth mass, offspring right hind foot (RHF) length) 30 h after birth. 2. In a natural monitoring study, we monitored hares during the first and second litter from the population peak (2006) to the second year of the decline (2008). We found that faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) concentration in dams decreased 52% from the first to the second litter. From the first to the second litter, litter size increased 122%, offspring body mass increased 130%, and offspring RHF length increased 112%. Dam FCM concentrations were inversely related to litter size (r² = 0·19), to offspring birth mass (r² = 0·32), and to offspring RHF length (r² = 0·64). 3. In an experimental manipulation, we assigned wild-caught, pregnant hares to a control and a stressed group and held them in pens. Hares in the stressed group were exposed to a dog 1-2 min every other day before parturition to simulate high predation risk. At parturition, unsuccessful-stressed dams (those that failed to give birth to live young) and stressed dams had 837% and 214%, respectively, higher FCM concentrations than control dams. Of those females that gave birth, litter size was similar between control and stressed dams. However, offspring from stressed dams were 37% lighter and 16% smaller than offspring from control dams. Increasing FCM concentration in dams caused the decline of offspring body mass (r² = 0·57) and RHF (r² = 0·52). 4. This is the first study in a free-ranging population of mammals to show that elevated, predator-induced, glucocorticoid concentrations in individual dams caused a decline in their reproductive output measured both by number and quality of offspring. Thus, we provide evidence that any stressor, not just predation, which increases glucocorticoid concentrations will result in a decrease in reproductive output.
Journal Article
Overcoming species barriers: an outbreak of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2/RHDV2 in an isolated population of mountain hares (Lepus timidus)
Background
Prior to 2010, the lagoviruses that cause rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) in European rabbits (
Oryctolagus cuniculus
) and European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) in hares (
Lepus
spp
.
) were generally genus-specific. However, in 2010, rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2), also known as
Lagovirus europaeus
GI.2, emerged and had the distinguishing ability to cause disease in both rabbits and certain hare species. The mountain hare (
Lepus timidus
) is native to Sweden and is susceptible to European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV), also called
Lagovirus europaeus
GII.1. While most mountain hare populations are found on the mainland, isolated populations also exist on islands. Here we investigate a mortality event in mountain hares on the small island of Hallands Väderö where other leporid species, including rabbits, are absent.
Results
Post-mortem and microscopic examination of three mountain hare carcasses collected from early November 2016 to mid-March 2017 revealed acute hepatic necrosis consistent with pathogenic lagovirus infection. Using immunohistochemistry, lagoviral capsid antigen was visualized within lesions, both in hepatocytes and macrophages. Genotyping and immunotyping of the virus independently confirmed infection with
L. europaeus
GI.2, not GII.1. Phylogenetic analyses of the
vp60
gene grouped mountain hare strains together with a rabbit strain from an outbreak of GI.2 in July 2016, collected approximately 50 km away on the mainland.
Conclusions
This is the first documented infection of GI.2 in mountain hares and further expands the host range of GI.2. Lesions and tissue distribution mimic those of GII.1 in mountain hares. The virus was most likely initially introduced from a concurrent, large-scale GI.2 outbreak in rabbits on the adjacent mainland, providing another example of how readily this virus can spread. The mortality event in mountain hares lasted for at least 4.5 months in the absence of rabbits, which would have required virus circulation among mountain hares, environmental persistence and/or multiple introductions. This marks the fourth
Lepus
species that can succumb to GI.2 infection, suggesting that susceptibility to GI.2 may be common in
Lepus
species. Measures to minimize the spread of GI.2 to vulnerable
Lepus
populations therefore are prudent.
Journal Article
Recombinant Myxoma Virus in European Brown Hares, 2023–2024
Recombinant myxoma virus has emerged in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus), causing increased deaths associated with swollen eyelids, head edema, and dermatitis at face, legs, and perineum. Introduction may date back as far as September 2020. As of August 2024, the disease is spreading radially from the Germany-Netherlands border area.
Journal Article
Modern British Playwriting: The 1970s
Essential for students of Theatre Studies, this series of six decadal volumes provides a critical survey and reassessment of the theatre produced in each decade from the 1950s to the present. Each volume equips readers with an understanding of the context from which work emerged, a detailed overview of the range of theatrical activity and a close study of the work of four of the major playwrights by a team of leading scholars.
Chris Megson's comprehensive survey of the theatre of the 1970s examines the work of four playwrights who came to promience in the decade and whose work remains undiminished today: Caryl Churchill (by Paola Botham), David Hare (Chris Megson), Howard Brenton (Richard Boon) and David Edgar (Janelle Reinelt). It analyses their work then, its legacy today and provides a fresh assessment of their contribution to British theatre. Interviews with the playwrights, with directors and with actors provides an invaluable collection of documents offering new perspectives on the work. Revisiting the decade from the perspective of the twenty-first century, Chris Megson provides an authoritative and stimulating reassessment of British playwriting in the 1970s.
eBook
Mischievous creatures : the forgotten sisters who transformed early American science
\"The nineteenth century was a transformative period in the history of American science, as scientific study, once the domain of armchair enthusiasts and amateurs, became the purview of professional experts and institutions. In Mischievous Creatures, historian Catherine McNeur shows that women were central to the development of the natural sciences during this critical time. She does so by uncovering the forgotten lives of entomologist Margaretta Hare Morris and botanist Elizabeth Morris-sister scientists whose essential contributions to their respective fields, and to the professionalization of science as a whole, have been largely erased. Margaretta was famous within antebellum scientific circles for her work with seventeen-year cicadas and for her discoveries of previously undocumented insect species and the threats they posed to agriculture. Unusually for her time, she published under her own name, and eventually became one of the first women elected to both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Margaretta's older sister Elizabeth preferred anonymity to accolades, but she nevertheless became a trusted expert on Philadelphia's flora, created illustrations for major reference books, and published numerous articles in popular science journals. The sisters corresponded and collaborated with many of the male scientific eminences of their day, including Asa Gray and Louis Agassiz, although they also faced condescension and outright misogyny: no less a figure than Charles Darwin dismissed Margaretta's (correct) assertion that water beetles help to move fish eggs from lake to lake, and the sisters long suspected that an arsonist who twice targeted their property was motivated by misogynist resentment. Alongside the lives of the Morris sisters, McNeur traces the larger story of American science's professionalization, a process that began, she shows, earlier in the nineteenth century than is traditionally thought. She reveals an early Republic hungry to define itself and eager to keep pace with the scientific culture of Europe, as the sciences transformed from hobbies into careers, with more government and university support, professional journals and organizations. Ironically, while women like the Morris sisters were central to the growth and development of their fields, this very transformation would ultimately wrest opportunities from women in the generations that followed, confining women in science to underpaid and underappreciated positions. Mischievous Creatures is not only an overdue portrait of two pioneering women scientists, but also a vital and revelatory new history of the birth of modern American science\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Complete Mitogenomes of Xinjiang Hares and Their Selective Pressure Considerations
Comparative analysis based on the mitogenomes of hares in Xinjiang, China, is limited. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genomes of seven hare samples including four hare species and their hybrids from different environments were sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Subsequently, we performed base content and bias analysis, tRNA analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and amino acid sequence analysis of the annotated genes to understand their characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Their mitogenomes are circular molecules (from 16,691 to 17,598 bp) containing 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region, which are similar with other Lepus spp. worldwide. The relative synonymous codon usage analysis revealed that the adaptation of Lepus yarkandensis to its unique arid and hot environment might be associated with synthesizing amino acids like alanine, leucine, serine, arginine, and isoleucine and the terminator caused by the different usage of codons. Further, we utilized the MEME model and identified two positive selection genes (ND4, ND5) in Lepus tibetanus pamirensis and one (ND5) in L. yarkandensis that might be important to their adaptation to the plateau and dry and hot basin environments, respectively. Meanwhile, Lepus tolai lehmanni and Lepus timidus may have evolved different adaptive mechanisms for the same cold environment. This study explored the evolutionary dynamics of Xinjiang hares’ mitochondrial genomes, providing significant support for future research into their adaptation mechanisms in extreme environments.
Journal Article