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Children who grow up on traditional farms are protected from developing asthma and allergy. But what are the exact exposures that mediate this protective farm effect, what is the important time period in which these exposures are effective and how do these exposures affect the immune system? Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that children who grow up on traditional farms are protected from asthma, hay fever and allergic sensitization. Early-life contact with livestock and their fodder, and consumption of unprocessed cow's milk have been identified as the most effective protective exposures. Studies of the immunobiology of farm living point to activation and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by intense microbial exposures and possibly xenogeneic signals delivered before or soon after birth.

Microplastics (MPs), ubiquitous environmental pollutants, are increasingly associated with global health risks, yet their role in allergic rhinitis (AR) pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Toxicity profiles of four typical MPs (polyethylene [PE], polypropylene [PP], polyvinyl chloride [PVC], polystyrene [PS]) were evaluated using ADMETlab 3.0. MP-related targets and AR-associated genes were integrated from the CTD database and GSE43523 dataset. Functional enrichment (GO/KEGG) and PPI network analysis (STRING/GeneMANIA) were performed on overlapping genes. LASSO regression and expression validation identified key targets, and molecular docking (Autodock Vina) assessed interactions with potential therapeutics predicted by CTD. ADMET analysis revealed MPs exhibit significant respiratory toxicity and ocular toxicity. We identified 301 MP toxicity targets, 1,026 AR differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and 15 overlapping pathogenic targets. Functional enrichment (GO/KEGG) demonstrated MPs disrupt respiratory mucosal homeostasis via apoptosis, mitochondrial autophagy, and inflammatory pathways. PPI network analysis and LASSO regression pinpointed DNAJB9, SQSTM1, and MAPK9 as core mediators: these genes were significantly downregulated in AR patients (P < 0.05) and displayed robust diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.82-0.93). Molecular docking revealed resveratrol binds these targets with high affinity, surpassing SQSTM1 (-5.8 kcal/mol) and MAPK9 (-6.8 kcal/mol), suggesting its potential to block MP-induced dysregulation. MPs drive AR pathogenesis through respiratory toxicity pathways, with DNAJB9, SQSTM1, and MAPK9 serving as critical molecular mediators. Resveratrol, by modulating target-mediated programmed cell death, emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for mitigating MP-induced AR.

The aim of our study was to assess whether a polymer-based e-nose can distinguish head and neck cancer subjects from healthy controls, as well as from patients with allergic rhinitis. A total number of 45 subjects participated in this study. The first group was composed of 15 patients with histology confirmed diagnosis of head and neck cancer. The second group was made up of 15 patients with diagnoses of allergic rhinitis. The control group consisted of 15 subjects with a negative history of upper airways and/or chest symptoms. Exhaled breath was collected from all participants and sampled by a polymer-based e-nose (Cyranose 320, Sensigent, Pasadena, CA, USA). In the Principal Component Analysis plot, patients with head and neck cancer clustered distinctly from the controls as well as from patients with allergic rhinitis. Using canonical discriminant analysis, the three groups were discriminated, with a cross validated accuracy% of 75.1, p < 0.01. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for the discrimination between head and neck cancer patients and the other groups was 0.87. To conclude, e-nose technology has the potential for application in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer, being an easy, quick, non-invasive and cost-effective tool.

While drug therapy and allergen immunotherapy are useful for alleviating symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis (AR), existing therapeutic options remain limited. Cuproptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, and its role in allergic rhinitis has not yet been explored. Researching the interaction between cuproptosis and allergic rhinitis will likely pave the way for future treatment of this disease. A microarray dataset of AR patients and normal controls (GSE43523) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for differential gene analysis. Cuproptosis related genes were extracted from the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to form the AR/cuprotosis-gene set and analyzed by the GO and KEGG databases. Intersection analysis further defined the AR signature genes (AR-sg). Consensus cluster analyses were used to define the AR/cuprotosis-genes into subsets. Finally, AR signature genes were used as targets for drug prediction and molecular docking to identify candidate drugs that may affect SAR. Four AR signature genes (MRPS30, CLPX, MRPL13, and MRPL53) were selected by the MCC, EPC, BottleNeck, and Closeness algorithms. Correlation analysis of the AR signature genes and immune genes showed strong interactions; xCell analysis identified multiple immune cell types and supported these cells' importance in the AR pathogenesis. Finally, drug target analysis suggests that 1,5-isoquinolinediol and gefitinib have the potential to become future AR treatments. Our study analyzed allergic rhinitis and cuproptosis related genes by the bioinformatics approach and predicted 1,5-isoquinolinediol and gefitinib as potentially useful drugs for treating AR patients in the future.

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are common problems that can lead to worsening quality of life (QOL) in children with these conditions. There is scarce evidence on the QOL of children with SDB outside of the hospital setting with inconsistent evidence on the association of AR and QOL concerning the SDB in children. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to determine the QOL concerning the SDB of elementary school students by using OSA-18. We also aim to provide the relationship of allergic rhinitis to the QOL. A cross-sectional study was conducted on all elementary school students, aged 6-12 years, from 10 elementary schools. The QOL of all participants was evaluated by the Thai version of the caregiver-administered OSA-18 questionnaire. The simple and multiple linear regression models were used to determine the effect of allergic rhinitis on the OSA-18 total scores. A total of 3,053 children were included in the final analysis, 50.1% male. At least a moderate impact on QOL from SDB was observed in 9.4% of the population. Children with AR had significantly higher mean total OSA- 18 scores than the children without AR (47.5 ± 15.0 VS 38.5 ± 13.1, p < 0.001). After the adjustment for age, gender, body mass index, household income, and history of asthma, the point estimate of the adjusted beta regression coefficient on the OSA-18 total score in children with AR was 7.82 (95% CI: 6.00-9.65, p < 0.001). Significant associations were observed between AR and all domains except for emotional distress. A substantial number of elementary school children had at least a moderate impact on the QOL from SDB, especially those with AR. Thus, effective screening of SDB in children with AR should be done to improve the QOL of these children.

Although massive progress in discovering allergic rhinitis (AR) aetiology has been made in recent years, its prevalence is still rising and it significantly impacts patients’ lives. That is why further and non-conventional research elucidating the role of new factors in AR pathogenesis is needed, facilitating discoveries of new treatment approaches. One of these factors is the gut microbiota, with its specific roles in health and disease. This review presents the process of gut microbiota development, especially in early life, focusing on its impact on the immune system. It emphasizes the link between the gut microbiota composition and immune changes involved in AR development. Specifically, it elucidates the significant link between bacteria colonizing the gut and the Th1/Th2 imbalance. Probiotics, prebiotics and bacterial lysates, which are medications that restore the composition of intestinal bacteria and indirectly affect the clinical course of AR, are also discussed.

Allergic rhinitis (AR), a common chronic disease triggered by allergens, often leads to school absenteeism in students. Investigating its magnitude and risk factors may play an important role in preventing the disease. Hence, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and associated factors among high school students living in industrial areas in Eastern Ethiopia. A school-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in September 2023 among 442 randomly selected high school students. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Questions on allergic disease symptoms were based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) core allergy and environmental questionnaire. Binary logistic regression analysis was done to identify the factors associated with allergic rhinitis. Finally, Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), 95% Confidence interval and P-value less than 0.05 was used to judge the statistical significance. This study found that the magnitude of allergic rhinitis was 20.7% (95% CI: 17.0%, 24.8%). Similarly, this study identified that a family history of allergic rhinitis (AOR: 2.99, 95% CI: 1.42-6.29) and living with a smoker in the household (AOR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.22-10.78) were significant risk factors. Conversely, living in a house far from traffic roads (AOR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.15-0.67) and far from factories (AOR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.03-0.31) were protective factors against allergic rhinitis. The current study found a lower magnitude of allergic rhinitis compared to the previous studies conducted in African countries. Having a smoker family member, distance between the house and nearest traffic road, distance between the house and nearest factory, and family history of allergy rhinitis were factors associated with allergy rhinitis. Hence, provision of health education to encourage people to stop smoking is strongly recommended. Similarly, persons with a family history of allergic rhinitis should minimize exposure to polluted environment and other trigger factors.

Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease in preschool children and seriously affects their quality of life. Defining the risk factors of AR can help early diagnosis and prevention. The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify and summarizes the risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in preschool children. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, built up to 20 January 2025 was performed. Studies were included if they reported risk factors for AR in preschool children. A random-effects model was used to calculate the combined odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results A total of 10 cohort studies involving 94,774 preschool children were included in this meta-analysis. The results suggested that several factors may associated with higher odds of allergic rhinitis in preschool children. These factors include parental allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.4, 95% CI: 2.01–2.87), parental eczema (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.48–1.99), parental asthma (OR = 2.45, 95% CI: 1.53–3.93), male (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.37–1.72), caesarean birth (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.08–1.61), and dampness at home (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.08–1.42). On the other hand, the presence of pets at home was found to be protective, with a reduced risk of allergic rhinitis (OR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.41–0.78). Conclusion This study suggests that factors such as parental history of allergy, boys, caesarean section and damp environment at home may increase the risk of allergic rhinitis in preschool children, whereas pets may have a protective role. These findings emphasize the influence of genetic and environmental factors on allergic rhinitis in children.

Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is hypothesised to play a role in the development of allergic rhinitis (AR). Prenatal and early-life exposure to traffic-related air pollution is considered critical for later respiratory health. However, we could not find any articles systematically reviewing the risk of prenatal and early-life exposure to traffic-related air pollution for allergic rhinitis in children. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Medline was conducted to identify studies focused on the association between prenatal and early-life exposure to TRAP and AR in children. Other inclusion criteria were: 1) original articles; 2) based upon prospective or retrospective studies or case-control studies; and 3) publications were restricted to English. Literature quality assessment was processed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) evaluation scale. This systematic literature review has been registered on the prospero (crd.york.ac.uk/prospero) with the following registry number: CRD42022361179. Only eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The exposure assessment indicators included PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10, NOx, CO, and black carbon. On the whole, exposure to TRAP during pregnancy and the first year of life were positively associated with the development of AR in children. This systematic review presents supportive evidence about prenatal and early-life exposure to TRAP and the risk of AR in children.

Background The quality of life of chronically ill individuals, such as hay fever sufferers, is significantly dependent on their health behavior. This survey aimed to explain the health-related behavior of allergic individuals using the protection motivation theory (PMT) and the transtheoretical model (TTM). Methods The influencing variables stated by PMT were operationalized based on data from semistructured pilot interviews and a pretest with 12 individuals from the target population. The final questionnaire inquired perceived seriousness and severity of hay fever, response efficacy, response costs, self-efficacy, and the use of various hay fever management measures in relation to the TTM stages. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to investigate the relationships between the PMT constructs and the examined health behavior. Results A total of 569 allergic individuals completed the online questionnaire. Only 33.26% of allergic individuals were in the maintenance stage for treatment under medical supervision, and almost 60% preferred hay fever self-management. A total of 67.56% had a well-established habit of taking anti-allergic medication, but only 25.31% had undergone specific immunotherapy. The likelihood of seeking medical supervision was positively influenced by perceived severity (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02–1.81), perceived seriousness (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.56–2.89), and self-efficacy (OR = 4.52, 95% CI: 3.11–6.65). The perceived severity of symptoms predicted the practice of hay fever self-management (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.21–2.11), as well as anti-allergic medication intake (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.16–2.35). The latter measure was also positively influenced by self-efficacy (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.01–2.28) and hay fever self-management (OR = 4.76, 95% CI: 2.67–7.49). Undergoing specific immunotherapy was significantly predicted only by medical supervision (OR = 9.80, 95% CI: 8.16–13.80). Allergen avoidance was a strategy used by allergic individuals who preferred hay fever self-management (OR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.87–3.52) and experienced notable symptom severity (OR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.60–2.81). Conclusion Educational interventions that increase the awareness of health risks associated with inadequate hay fever management and measures to increase self-efficacy might be beneficial for the promotion of appropriate hay fever management among allergic individuals.