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The kinematics and kinetics of head impact due to a standing fall onto a hard surface are summarized. Head injury due to impact from falls represents a significant problem, especially for older individuals. When the head is left unprotected during a fall, the impact severity can be high enough to cause significant injury or even death. To ascertain the range of head impact parameters, the dynamic response was captured for the pedestrian version of the 5th percentile female and 50th percentile male Hybrid III anthropomorphic test dummies as they were dropped from a standing position with different initial postures. Five scenarios of falls were considered including backward falls with/without hip flexion, forward falls with/without knee flexion and lateral falls. The results show that the head impact parameters are dependent on the fall scenario. A wide range of impact parameters was observed in 107 trials. The 95% prediction interval for the peak translational acceleration, peak angular acceleration, peak force, impact translational velocity and peak angular velocity are 146–502 g, 8.8–43.3 krad/s 2 , 3.9–24.5 kN, 2.02–7.41 m/s, and 12.9–70.3 rad/s, respectively.

Objetivo: En la región de las Américas, y particularmente en Argentina, los usuarios de motocicleta se encuentran entre los grupos más vulnerables del tránsito. Este estudio se propuso analizar tres comportamientos de riesgo en este grupo: uso de celular, ausencia de uso de casco, y traslado de menores. Se buscó también identificar posibles factores humanos, vehiculares y ambientales asociados a esos comportamientos. Métodos: Se realizaron observaciones naturales de motociclistas que circulaban en vías pertenecientes a una ciudad de Argentina (Mar del Plata). Se trabajó con una muestra de n = 2085 ocupantes de moto (1727 conductores y 358 pasajeros). Resultados: El 72% de los ocupantes usaba casco, aunque el uso correcto fue del 63%. El uso fue menor entre los acompañantes en comparación con los conductores, entre los hombres y jóvenes, y en los usuarios particulares. Menor uso también fue observado en las zonas de mayor vulnerabilidad socio-ambiental, en las motos económicas urbanas y en los vehículos sin placa patente. Una cuarta parte de los pasajeros eran menores de 18 años. Entre los menores de 11 años, solo la mitad usaba casco. El traslado de niños/as fue más frecuente cuando conducía una mujer. El uso de celular en conductores fue del 3%, siendo más frecuente entre los motociclistas comerciales. Conclusión: Este estudio ofrece información relevante para priorizar acciones de prevención orientadas a mejorar la seguridad en el tránsito, tal como ha sido propuesto en el Plan Estratégico de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud 2020-2025.

Objective: To analyze the observed frequency of three risk behaviors in motorcycle users (cell phone use, lack of helmet use and transport of minors) and to identify possible human, vehicular and environmental factors associated with these behaviors. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out based on natural observations of motorcyclists riding on roads in a city in Argentina (Mar del Plata). We worked with a non-probabilistic sample of 1727 drivers and 358 motorcycle passengers, registered in 17 sites of the city (main roads covering all areas of the city). Results: 72% of the occupants wore helmets, although correct use was 63%. Use was lower among passengers -compared to drivers-, among young people and among private users. Only among passengers, use was lower among men. Lower use was observed in areas of greater socio-environmental vulnerability, in urban low-cost motorcycles and in vehicles without license plates. A quarter of the passengers were under 18 years of age. Among those under 11 years of age, only half wore helmets. Children were more frequently transported when a woman was driving and in more vulnerable areas. Cell phone use was 3%, being more frequent among commercial motorcyclists. Conclusion: The results show that risk behaviors in motorcyclists continue to be a challenge for road safety policies. The identification of factors that are relevant to these behaviors allows guiding prevention actions. Objetivo: Analisar a frequência observada de três comportamentos de risco em usuários de motocicletas (uso de celular, ausência de uso de capacete e transporte de crianças) e identificar possíveis fatores humanos, veiculares e ambientais associados a esses comportamentos. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo de coorte com base em observações naturais de motociclistas circulando em vias de uma cidade da Argentina (Mar del Plata). Trabalhou-se com uma amostra não probabilística de 1727 condutores e 358 passageiros de motocicletas, registrados em 17 locais da cidade (principais vias que cobriram todas as áreas da cidade). Resultados:72% dos ocupantes usavam capacete, embora o uso correto fosse de 63%. O uso foi menor entre os passageiros em comparação com os condutores, entre os jovens e nos usuários particulares. Apenas entre os passageiros, o uso foi mais baixo entre os homens. Menor uso foi observado em áreas de maior vulnerabilidade socioambiental, em motocicletas urbanas econômicas e em veículos sem placa de identificação. Um quarto dos passageiros tinha menos de 18 anos. Entre os menores de 11 anos, apenas a metade usava capacete. O transporte de crianças foi mais frequente quando conduzido por uma mulher e em áreas de maior vulnerabilidade. O uso de celular foi de 3%, sendo mais frequente entre os motociclistas comerciais. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que os comportamentos de risco em motociclistas continuam sendo um desafio para as políticas de segurança viária. A identificação de fatores relevantes para esses comportamentos permite orientar ações de prevenção. Objetivo: Analizar la frecuencia observada de tres comportamientos de riesgo en usuarios de motocicletas (uso de celular, ausencia de uso de casco y traslado de menores) e identificar posibles factores humanos, vehiculares y ambientales asociados a esos comportamientos. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal basado en observaciones naturales de motociclistas que circulaban en vías pertenecientes a una ciudad de Argentina (Mar del Plata). Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 1727 conductores y 358 pasajeros de moto, registrados en 17 sitios de la ciudad (vías principales que cubrieron todas las áreas de la ciudad). Resultados: El 72 % de los ocupantes usaba casco, aunque el uso correcto fue del 63 %. El uso fue menor entre los acompañantes —en comparación con los conductores—, entre los jóvenes y en los usuarios particulares. Solo en pasajeros, el uso fue más bajo entre los hombres. Un menor uso fue observado en zonas de mayor vulnerabilidad socioambiental, en motos económicas urbanas y en vehículos sin placa patente. Una cuarta parte de los pasajeros eran menores de 18 años. Entre los menores de 11 años, solo la mitad usaba casco. El traslado de niños y niñas fue más frecuente cuando conducía una mujer y en zonas de mayor vulnerabilidad. El uso de celular fue del 3 %, siendo más frecuente entre los motociclistas comerciales. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que las conductas de riesgo en motociclistas siguen siendo un desafío para las políticas de seguridad vial. La identificación de factores que son relevantes para estas conductas permite orientar acciones de prevención.

Abstract Since the introduction of head protection, a decrease in sports-related traumatic brain injuries has been reported. The incidence of concussive injury, however, has remained the same or on the rise. These trends suggest that current helmets and helmet standards are not effective in protecting against concussive injuries. This article presents a literature review that describes the discrepancy between how helmets are designed and tested and how concussions occur. Most helmet standards typically use a linear drop system and measure criterion such as head Injury criteria, Gadd Severity Index, and peak linear acceleration based on research involving severe traumatic brain injuries. Concussions in sports occur in a number of different ways that can be categorized into collision, falls, punches, and projectiles. Concussive injuries are linked to strains induced by rotational acceleration. Because helmet standards use a linear drop system simulating fall-type injury events, the majority of injury mechanisms are neglected. In response to the need for protection against concussion, helmet manufacturers have begun to innovate and design helmets using other injury criteria such as rotational acceleration and brain tissue distortion measures via finite-element analysis. In addition to these initiatives, research has been conducted to develop impact protocols that more closely reflect how concussions occur in sports. Future research involves a better understanding of how sports-related concussions occur and identifying variables that best describe them. These variables can be used to guide helmet innovation and helmet standards to improve the quality of helmet protection for concussive injury.

Background This review aims to analyze the effectiveness of intraoral devices, emphasizing predominant materials, key manufacturing technologies, and their prophylactic role in mitigating complications during radiotherapy for head and neck cancer patients. Methods The searches were conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medline, VHL, Cochrane Library, SciELO, INCA, and MedRxiv databases using the MeSH descriptors \"radiation therapy,\" \"intraoral devices,\" and \"protection.\" These descriptors were connected by the Boolean operator \"AND,\" with a focus on articles published up to 2024. The study, carried out by two independent reviewers following the PRISMA checklist, focused on analyzing intraoral radiation protection devices. It explores the materials used in their fabrication, beam type, dose, and irradiation techniques employed during radiotherapy sessions. Additionally, the study investigates the side effects associated with and without the use of these devices in patients. Results Evidence emphasizes the specific dental needs of head and neck cancer patients. Furthermore, the hypothesis regarding the benefits of these devices in reducing setup errors and minimizing toxic doses to healthy tissues during radiotherapy is supported. These devices are composed of different materials, with varying densities and designs tailored to their intended function. 3D printing proves to be an effective tendency in the manufacturing of these instruments. Conclusion These findings indicate a positive impact of using these devices for functional preservation, improvement in quality of life, and a reduction in the demand for oral treatments and rehabilitation. The analysis underscores the importance of determining the applicability for each clinical case of the specific radiotherapeutic treatment.

Construction sites in civil engineering projects are prone to sudden accidents. In particular, head injuries pose a significant safety threat to construction workers. Helmets play a vital role in protecting the heads of construction workers. Most construction sites still rely on manual methods to monitor workers’ helmet compliance, which is not only inefficient but also incapable of real-time monitoring. While traditional models can achieve intelligent monitoring, their lack of real-time capability fails to meet practical demands. However, the introduction of deep learning has transformed this situation. Therefore, this study proposes an intelligent monitoring method for helmet wearing at civil engineering construction sites based on deep learning theory. The study uses GSConv to improve the convolution module of the YOLOv11 deep learning model and adds a lightweight detection head: FCD (Fast Convolutional Detection) to establish the LHAT-YOLO model (Lightweight YOLO model for detecting helmets). While reducing the complexity of the model, it maintains accuracy and achieves efficient and intelligent detection of helmet wearing at construction sites. Experimental results show that on the dataset comprising 19,780 images in the training set, 2,473 images in the validation set, and 2,473 images in the test set, the LHAT-YOLO model reduces GFLOPs by 11% and Params by 9.5% compared to the YOLOv11 model. Overall, the LHAT-YOLO model achieves a Precision value of 93.95%, a Recall value of 88.99%, an mAP50 value of 94.92%, and an mAP50-95 value of 65.28%. This demonstrates that the LHAT-YOLO model maintains high accuracy even while being lightweight.

The best way to reduce the risk of head injury (up to 69% reduction) is to wear a helmet. In recent years, the improvement of helmet standard tests focused on reproducing realistic impact conditions and including the effect of rotational acceleration. However, less importance has been given to the development of a realistic headform. The goal of this work was to evaluate the role of scalp tissue in head impact kinematics; both with respect to its mechanical properties and with respect to its sliding properties. An EN960 and HIII headform were subjected to linear and oblique impacts, respectively, both with and without porcine scalp attached. Different speeds, impact locations and impact surfaces were tested. Standard linear drop tests (EN960) showed that the scalp reduced the impact energy by up to 68.7% (rear impact). Oblique head impact tests showed how the headform-anvil friction coefficient changes when the HIII is covered with scalp, affecting linear and rotational accelerations. Therefore, the scalp plays an important role in head impacts and it should be realistically represented in headforms used for impact tests and in numerical models of the human head.

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury is the most prevalent military injury in Iraq and Afghanistan, yet little is known about the mechanical effects of blasts on the human head, and still less is known about how personal protective equipment affects the brain's response to blasts. In this study we investigated the effect of the Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) and a conceptual face shield on the propagation of stress waves within the brain tissue following blast events. We used a sophisticated computational framework for simulating coupled fluid—solid dynamic interactions and a three-dimensional biofidelic finite element model of the human head and intracranial contents combined with a detailed model of the ACH and a conceptual face shield. Simulations were conducted in which the unhelmeted head, head with helmet, and head with helmet and face shield were exposed to a frontal blast wave with incident overpressure of 10 atm. Direct transmission of stress waves into the intracranial cavity was observed in the unprotected head and head with helmet simulations. Compared to the unhelmeted head, the head with helmet experienced slight mitigation of intracranial stresses. This suggests that the existing ACH does not significantly contribute to mitigating blast effects, but does not worsen them either. By contrast, the helmet and face shield combination impeded direct transmission of stress waves to the face, resulting in a delay in the transmission of stresses to the intracranial cavity and lower intracranial stresses. This suggests a possible strategy for mitigating blast waves often associated with military concussion.

Objective By simulating a fluoroscopic-guided vascular intervention, two differently designed radiation safety glasses were compared. The impacts of changing viewing directions and body heights on the eye lens dose were evaluated. Additionally, the effect of variable magnification levels on the arising scattered radiation was determined. Methods A phantom head, replacing the operator’s head, was positioned at different heights and rotated in steps of 20° in the horizontal plane. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), placed in the left orbit of the phantom, detected eye lens doses under protected and completely exposed conditions. In a second step, radiation dose values with increasing magnification levels were detected by RaySafe i3 dosimeters. Results Changing eye levels and head rotations resulted in a wide range of dose reduction factors (DRF) from 1.1 to 8.5. Increasing the vertical distance between the scattering body and the protective eyewear, DRFs markedly decreased for both glasses. Significant differences between protection glasses were observed. Increasing magnification with consecutively decreasing FOV size variably reduced the dose exposure to the eye lens between 47 and 83%, respectively. Conclusion The safety glasses in the study effectively reduced the dose exposure to the eye lens. However, the extent of the protective effect was significant depending on eye levels and head rotations. This may lead to a false sense of safety for the medical staff. In addition, the application of magnification reduced the quantity of scattering dose significantly. To ensure safe working in the Cath-lab, additional use of protective equipment and the differences in design of protective eyewear should be considered. Key Points • Eye lens dose changes with physical size of the interventionist and viewing direction. • The use of magnification during fluoroscopic-guided interventions reduces scattered radiation.

The aim of this paper was to provide the military medical community with an expert summary of military helmets used by HM Armed Forces. The design of military helmets and test methods used to determine the fragmentation and non-ballistic impact protection are discussed. The helmets considered are Parachutist, Combat Vehicle Crewman, Mk6, Mk6A, Mk7 and VIRTUS. The helmets considered provide different levels of fragmentation and non-ballistic impact protection dictated by the materials available at the time of the helmet design and the end-user requirement. The UK Ministry of Defence defines the area of coverage of military helmets by considering external anatomical features to provide protection to the brain and the majority of the brainstem. Established test methods exist to assess the performance of the helmet with respect to the threats; however, these test methods do not typically consider anatomical vulnerability.