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Impact of the Regulation Strategy on the Transient Behavior of a Brayton Heat Pump
High-temperature heat pumps are a key technology for enabling the complete integration of renewables into the power grid. Although these systems may come with several variants, Brayton heat pumps are gaining more and more interest because of the higher heat sink temperatures and the potential to leverage already existing components in the industry. Because these systems utilize renewable electricity to supply high-temperature heat, they are particularly suited for industry or energy storage applications, thus prompting the development of various demonstration plants to evaluate their performance and flexibility. Adapting to varying load conditions and swiftly responding to load adjustments represent crucial aspects for advancing such systems. In this context, this study delves into assessing the transient capabilities of Brayton heat pumps during thermal load management. A transient model of an emerging prototype is presented, comprising thermal and volume dynamics of the components. Furthermore, two reference scenarios are examined to assess the transient performance of the system, namely a thermal load alteration due to an abrupt change in the desired heat sink temperature and, secondly, to a sudden variation in the sink mass flow rate. Finally, two control methodologies—motor/compressor speed variation and fluid inventory control—are analyzed in the latter scenario, and a comparative analysis of their effectiveness is discussed. Results indicate that varying the compressor speed allows for a response time in the 8–20 min range for heat sink temperature regulation (first scenario). However, the regulation time is conditioned by the maximum thermal stress sustained by the heat exchangers. In the latter scenario, regulating the compressor speed shows a faster response time than the inventory control (2–5 min vs. 15 min). However, the inventory approach provides higher COPs in part-load conditions and better stability during the transient phase.
Journal Article
Geothermal heat pump and heat engine systems : theory and practice
\"Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Theory and Practice comprehensively covers the theory, fundamental principles and practical applications of geothermal heat pump systems. It takes an interdisciplinary approach considering the disciplines of geoscience, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, while keeping in mind the engineering and practical constraints of the real world.The main focus of this book is geothermal heat pump applications for buildings, however the reader is introduced to the bigger picture of geothermal energy utilization, of which geothermal heat pumps is just one type. Methods and equipment used to convert stored thermal energy into useful energy are also discussed and different ground heat exchangers are considered. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems: Theory and Practice contains end of chapter exercise problems and discussion questions and is accompanied by a website hosting practical design software tools that allow the solution of complex, real problems. It also includes presentation files with lecture slides.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Heat Pump Systems: An Integrated Approach to Sustainable Building Operations
This study evaluates the energy consumption and embodied carbon emissions of various heat pump systems for an office building in Chicago, IL, U.S., over a 50-year lifespan, including the operation, manufacturing, and construction phases. The analyzed systems include air source heat pumps (ASHP) in Air to Air and Air to Water configurations, and ground source heat pumps (GSHP) in Soil to Air and Soil to Water configurations. A traditional HVAC system serves as the baseline for comparison. Advanced simulation tools, including Rhino, Grasshopper, TRACE 700, and One Click LCA, were used to identify the optimal HVAC system for sustainable building operations. Unlike prior studies focusing on GSHP versus traditional HVAC systems, this research directly compares GSHP and ASHP configurations, addressing a significant gap in the sustainable HVAC system design literature. The GSHP (Soil to Water) system demonstrated the lowest energy intensity at 100.8 kWh/m2·yr, a 41.8% improvement over the baseline, and the lowest total embodied carbon emissions at 3,882,164 kg CO2e. In contrast, the ASHP (Air to Air) system, while reducing energy consumption relative to the baseline, exhibited the highest embodied carbon emissions among the heat pump configurations due to its higher operational energy demands. The study highlights the significance of the operating phase in embodied carbon contributions. These findings emphasize the importance of a holistic design approach that considers both operational and embodied impacts to achieve sustainable building designs.
Journal Article
A Study on the Operational Condition of a Ground Source Heat Pump in Bangkok Based on a Field Experiment and Simulation
The deployment of highly efficient cooling equipment is expected to promote energy savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the tropics. A ground source heat pump (GSHP) has high energy-savings potential for use in Bangkok, Thailand. This study aimed to elucidate the operational conditions of a GSHP when used in Bangkok which was expected to achieve a higher efficiency than an air source heat pump (ASHP) over the long term. An operational experiment on a pilot facility in Bangkok and a simulation over a three-year GSHP operation were conducted. As a result of the operational experiment and simulation, the proposed operational condition was that the 90th percentile value of the hourly heat pump (HP) inlet temperature did not exceed 5 °C above that of the hourly annual ambient temperature during the third year of operation. When a GSHP designed based on this condition was utilized for a small government building, the required number of boreholes were 24, 4, and 3 for air-conditioned areas of 200, 40, and 25 m2, respectively, which achieved 40% energy savings. Thus, a small-scale GSHP in Bangkok designed based on the proposed condition can achieve high efficiency within space limitations.
Journal Article
Hybrid heat pumps avoid extreme marginal abatement costs of electrifying peak heating loads in cold regions
Electrification with heat pumps is often cited as a preferred pathway to decarbonize US space heating in the transition to a net-zero energy system. However, fully electrifying building heat may significantly increase peak electric system loads during cold weather, thus challenging extensive adoption. A hybrid home heating system uses both heat pumps and conventional natural gas furnaces, where the gas appliance operates during peak heating periods. Here, we assess the marginal abatement costs of fully electrifying peak heating demands as opposed to allowing hybrid heating in current gas connected and ducted homes. We use a least-cost energy system optimization model that considers household, electric, and gas system costs, including electric distribution system expansion and gas system cost recovery. To ensure the cost of sufficient low-carbon dispatchable electric capacity is captured, the model includes historical days with peak heating demands and low wind and solar availability. We find hybrid heat pumps can achieve substantial decarbonization, with US natural gas residential heating consumption decreasing 70% to 95% from 2020 levels at marginal abatement costs below$200 per tonne CO 2 e. The cost of fully electrifying heating in cold regions is very high, with the marginal abatement cost of eliminating the last 1% of natural gas consumption exceeding $ 1000 per tonne CO 2 e even in scenarios designed to be favorable to electrification. The robust value of hybrid heat pumps in northern cold climates indicates the importance of flexible building heat decarbonization policies such as clean heat standards.
Journal Article
Energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analysis of solar-assisted vertical ground source heat pump system for heating season
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the experimental performance of a solar assisted vertical ground source heat pump system (VGSHP) for the winter climatic conditions of Mardin, which is in the South-Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. For this aim, an experimental analysis was performed on solar assisted VGSHP system, which was designed to meet the heating needs of an experimental room, during the heating season (10.01.2013/03.31.2014). The experimentally obtained results were used to calculate energy, exergy and exergoeconomic analyses of the system and its components. The energy efficiency, exergy efficiency and exergoeconomic factors of the entire system were 67.36 %, 27.40 % and 60.51 %, respectively. In this study, the system was proposed for disseminating the use of alternative technologies supported by renewable energy systems and it has been tested for the first time in Mardin to meet its heating needs with convectional systems. The experimental results showed that the proposed solar assisted VGSHP system can be used for residential heating in Mardin and similar regions. As a result, it has been detected that the system is very effective in both reducing energy consumption and decreasing emissions of green-house gases.
Journal Article
Advancements in hybrid heating systems for residential applications
Heating and cooling account for a significant share of energy consumption, particularly in the European Union, where they account for almost half of total energy consumption. The energy demand for heating and cooling is mainly driven by space, process, and water heating, with a growing demand for space cooling. Fossil fuel technologies currently dominate in buildings, with renewable energy sources contributing only 24.8% of consumption in 2022 (Energy 2024). In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the share of renewable energy, the development and implementation of renewable technologies for heating and cooling in buildings is crucial. An interesting and promising approach to the use of renewable energy sources is their use in hybrid systems. These can often combine the advantages of different technologies while mitigating their disadvantages. Hybrid heating systems increase energy efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and improve system reliability by integrating multiple renewable energy sources. Combining technologies such as solar, biomass, and heat pumps has great potential to optimize energy use, stabilize thermal output, and reduce primary energy consumption. This article reviews previous work on the integration of different renewable hybrid systems for residential buildings. Both stand-alone and grid-connected systems, incorporating various renewable energy sources and storage technologies are reviewed. This work also discusses the control requirements and how advanced and intelligent approaches can help improve performance and energy consumption. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges of hybrid system implementation, such as high initial costs and integration complexities. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive assessment of hybrid system configurations, their control requirements, and the role of smart technologies in optimizing their operation. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders, guiding future developments in sustainable heating solutions and energy transition strategies.
Journal Article
US residential heat pumps: the private economic potential and its emissions, health, and grid impacts
To explore electrification as a climate change mitigation strategy, we study US residential heat pump adoption, given the current US housing stock. Our research asks (a) how the costs and benefits of heat pump adoption evolve with increased penetration, (b) what rate of heat pump adoption is economic given today’s housing stock, electric grid, energy prices, and heat pump technology, and (c) what effect changing policies, innovations, and technology improvements might have on heat pump adoption. We answer these research questions by simulating the energy consumption of 400 representative single-family houses in each of 55 US cities both before and after heat pump adoption. We use energy prices, CO 2 emissions, health damages from criteria air pollutants, and changes in peak electricity demand to quantify the costs and benefits of each house’s heat pump retrofit. The results show that 32% of US houses would benefit economically from installing a heat pump, and 70% of US houses could reduce emissions damages by installing a heat pump. We show that the potential for heat pump adoption varies depending on electric grid, climate, baseline heating fuel, and housing characteristics. Based on these results we identify strategic, technology, and policy insights to stimulate high heat pump adoption rates and deep electrification of the US residential heating sector, which reduces CO 2 emissions and the impacts of climate change.
Journal Article
State of the Art, Perspective and Obstacles of Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology in the European Building Sector: A Review
In the European Union, 40% of the overall final energy consumption is attributable to the buildings sector. A reason for such data may be found considering that the great majority of the building stock is more than 40 years old. According to the European Commission, an interesting potential lies in the refurbishment of the building sector, and heat pump technology has been recognized as one of the most cost-effective solutions to tackle the environmental issue of this sector. Regarding heat pump technology, ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been proven to be the most efficient solution on equal boundary conditions. Despite this, in most EU states’ markets, GSHPs hold only a small market share with respect to air-source heat pumps. In this paper, the state of art and possible future developments of GSHP technology have been reviewed together with a focus on the potential of such technology, most of all on the refurbishment of existing buildings, and on the obstacles to its spread. The state of art of borehole heat exchangers has been studied, focusing on the parameters characterizing the outside pipe and the pipe itself, i.e., pipe and grout materials. Moreover, an overview on the last developments involving refrigerants and secondary fluids is given. Finally, the design and control strategies of GSHPs have been reviewed.
Journal Article