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Although the perovskite solar cells have been developed rapidly, the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics is still facing challenges, especially considering their stability issues. Here, the new type of benzimidazolium salt, N,N′‐dialkylbenzimidazolium iodide, is proposed and functionalized to convert the three‐dimensional (3D) FACs‐perovskite films into one‐dimensional (1D) capping layer topped 1D/3D structure either in individual device or module levels. This conformal interface modulation demonstrates that not only can effectively stabilize FACs‐based perovskite films by inhibiting the lateral and vertical iodide diffusions in devices or modules, ensuring an excellent operation and environmental stability, but also provides an excellent charge transporting channel through the well‐designed 1D crystal structure. Consequently, efficient device performance with power conversion efficiency up to 24.3% is readily achieved. And the large‐area perovskite solar modules with high efficiency (19.6% for the active areas of 18 cm2) and long‐term stability (about 500 h in AM 1.5G illumination or about 1000 h under double‐85 conditions) are also successfully verified. Dimensional management for high‐performance perovskite solar modules: An ultrastable imidazolium‐based one‐dimensional (1D) perovskite structure is developed to passivate the three‐dimensional perovskite film toward the stability improvement of module. The 1D layer reduces interface defects and promotes the efficient charge transport. High efficiencies of 24.3% in 0.12 cm2‐area device and 19.6% in 36 cm2‐total‐area module are achieved with excellent operation/damp‐heat stabilities.

High temperatures facilitate the formation of stable, high‐crystallinity α‐FAPbI3 films but can lead to the volatilization of organic components in perovskites. Here, a 300 °C hot‐press‐assisted recrystallization strategy is reported to grow stable phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 film without any dopants. High temperature can promote the transformation of δ‐FAPbI3 to α‐FAPbI3, and induces recrystallization to relieve strain. The applied pressure creates a confined space that effectively prevents the volatilization of organic components in perovskite. The α‐FAPbI3 film prepared by hot‐press at 300 °C achieves an average grain size of ≈3 µm (with grains up to 10 µm) and demonstrates excellent damp‐heat stability, showing no significant change after 20 s in deionized water. The result solar cell delivers a power conversion efficiency as high as 24.06% and retains >70% of their initial efficiency value after 1000 h at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity. Phase‐pure dopant‐free α‐FAPbI3 perovskite films are being prepared by hot‐press assisted annealing at 300 °C. Higher temperature can promote the transformation of δ‐FAPbI3 to α‐FAPbI3, induce recrystallization to relieve strain. The applied pressure creates a confined space that effectively prevents the volatilization of organic components in perovskite. The result solar cell achieves a PCE of 24.06% and demonstrates ultra‐high damp‐heat stability.

In perovskite solar cells (PSCs), expensive gold or silver metal has traditionally been utilized as the rear electrode for highly efficient performance. In this context, carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes have been considered promising rear electrodes because of their excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and chemical stability in PSCs. Despite these favorable characteristics, concerns have been raised about the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of PSCs based on CNTs due to the porosity of CNT electrodes. In this study, we employed both poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) infiltration and rear electrode hidden encapsulation approaches to address issues related to the porosity of thin‐walled carbon nanotube (TWCNT) electrodes to achieve high efficiency and stability. The infiltration of low‐molecular‐weight PTAA into the TWCNT electrode reduced electrode porosity while simultaneously improving the interfacial contact of the TWCNT layer with the perovskite layer. Furthermore, a novel encapsulation design was employed to prevent air and water exposure of the TWCNT electrode, which significantly enhanced device stability. PSCs with TWCNT rear electrodes developed on the basis of these strategies have the best PCE of 19.5% and show long‐term stability, retaining 96% and 74% of the initial PCE after 225 h at maximum power point tracking under AM 1.5G illumination and 916 h at 85°C/85% relative humidity, respectively. Thin‐walled carbon nanotubes (TWCNT) were synthesized and assemblies demonstrated superior electric characteristics for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). We introduced low‐molecular‐weight PTAA infiltration into TWCNT electrodes to fulfill the porosity and modify the interface between TWCNT and perovskite layer. Furthermore,  a new design of TWCNT rear electrode hidden encapsulation technology enables the demonstration of the stable PSCs.

Chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence induction (FI) upon a dark–light transition has been widely analyzed to derive information on initial events of energy conversion and electron transfer in photosystem II (PSII). However, currently, there is no analytical solution to the differential equation of QA reduction kinetics, raising a doubt about the fitting of FI by numerical iteration solution. We derived an analytical solution to fit the OJ phase of FI, thereby yielding estimates of three parameters: the functional absorption cross-section of PSII (σPSII), a probability parameter that describes the connectivity among PSII complexes (p), and the rate coefficient for QA− oxidation (kox). We found that σPSII, p, and kox exhibited dynamic changes during the transition from O to J. We postulated that in high excitation light, some other energy dissipation pathways may vastly outcompete against excitation energy transfer from a closed PSII trap to an open PSII, thereby giving the impression that connectivity seemingly does not exist. We also conducted a case study on the urban heat island effect on the heat stability of PSII using our method and showed that higher-temperature-acclimated leaves had a greater σPSII, lower kox, and a tendency of lower p towards more shade-type characteristics.

Heat stability (HS) is substantial technology property of raw milk. Analysis of sources of HS variation and its regular monitoring can contribute to creating higher added value in the dairy industry. The goal of this analysis was to assess the practice sources of raw cow milk HS variability on the results of an extensive data set of bulk tank milk samples. There was implemented neither a compositional technology modification nor acidity adjustment of milk, just original raw milk was used for the analysis. A total 2634 HS analyses were performed, including other milk indicators, during three years of an experimental period. The log HS mean and standard deviation were 1.273654 ± 0.144189, equal to the HS geometric mean of 18.8 min. Explanation of the HS variability through the linear model used was 41.1% (p < 0.0001). According to the results of the variance analysis, the milk HS was influenced (p = 0.0033 and mostly <0.0001) by all the farm factors such as year; season; calendar month; altitude; total annual rainfall; herd size by the number of cows; milk yield; cow breed; type of milking; litter type in the stable; summer grazing application; farm effect. During the calendar months (p < 0.0001), milk HS values suggest similar seasonal dynamics with the somatic cell count, total count of mesophilic microorganisms, coli bacteria count and urea and lactose concentration and opposite configuration pattern to fat, crude protein, solids-not-fat and total solids content and milk freezing point depression. Here performed quantification of these effects by analyzing the variance may allow efficient raw milk selection to be processed into specific dairy products.

Anthocyanins are colored valuable biocompounds, of which extraction increases globally, although functional applications are restrained by their limited environmental stability. Temperature is a critical parameter of food industrial processing that impacts on the food matrix, particularly affecting heat-sensitive compounds such as anthocyanins. Due to the notable scientific progress in the field of thermal stability of anthocyanins, an analytical and synthetic integration of published data is required. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation during heating, both in extracts and real food matrices. Several kinetic models (Arrhenius, Eyring, Ball) of anthocyanin degradation were studied. Crude extracts deliver more thermally stable anthocyanins than purified ones. A different anthocyanin behavior pattern within real food products subjected to thermal processing has been observed due to interactions with some nutrients (proteins, polysaccharides). The most recent studies on the stabilization of anthocyanins by linkages to other molecules using classical and innovative methods are summarized. Ensuring appropriate thermal conditions for processing anthocyanin-rich food will allow a rational design for the future development of stable functional products, which retain these bioactive molecules and their functionalities to a great extent.

Levels of psychrotrophic bacteria in raw milk are affected by to habitats and farm hygiene. Biofilms formed by psychrotrophic bacteria are persistent sources of contamination. Heat-stable enzymes produced by psychrotrophic bacteria compromise product quality. Various strategies are available for controlling dairy spoilage caused by psychrotrophic bacteria.

• The Triticum aestivum (wheat) genome encodes three isoforms of Rubisco activase (Rca) differing in thermostability, which could be exploited to improve the resilience of this crop to global warming. We hypothesized that elevated temperatures would cause an increase in the relative abundance of heat-stable Rca1β. • Wheat plants were grown at 25° C : 18°C (day : night) and exposed to heat stress (38° C : 22°C) for up to 5 d at pre-anthesis. Carbon (C) assimilation, Rubisco activity, CA1 Pase activity, transcripts of Rca1β, Rca2β, and Rca2α, and the quantities of the corresponding protein products were measured during and after heat stress. • The transcript of Rca1β increased 40-fold in 4 h at elevated temperatures and returned to the original level after 4 h upon return of plants to control temperatures. Rca1β comprised up to 2% of the total Rca protein in unstressed leaves but increased three-fold in leaves exposed to elevated temperatures for 5 d and remained high at 4 h after heat stress. • These results show that elevated temperatures cause rapid changes in Rca gene expression and adaptive changes in Rca isoform abundance. The improved understanding of the regulation of C assimilation under heat stress will inform efforts to improve wheat productivity and climate resilience.

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), caused by a vector-transmitted phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), is the most devastating citrus disease worldwide. Currently, there are no effective strategies to prevent infection or to cure HLB-positive trees. Here, using comparative analysis between HLB-sensitive citrus cultivars and HLB-tolerant citrus hybrids and relatives, we identified a novel class of stable antimicrobial peptides (SAMPs). The SAMP from Microcitrus australiasica can rapidly kill Liberibacter crescens (Lcr), a culturable Liberibacter strain, and inhibit infections of CLas and CL. solanacearum in plants. In controlled greenhouse trials, SAMP not only effectively reduced CLas titer and disease symptoms in HLB-positive trees but also induced innate immunity to prevent and inhibit infections. Importantly, unlike antibiotics, SAMP is heat stable, making it better suited for field applications. Spray-applied SAMP was taken up by citrus leaves, stayed stable inside the plants for at least a week, and moved systemically through the vascular system where CLas is located. We further demonstrate that SAMP is most effective on α-proteobacteria and causes rapid cytosol leakage and cell lysis. The α-helix-2 domain of SAMP is sufficient to kill Lcr. Future field trials will help determine the efficacy of SAMP in controlling HLB and the ideal mode of application.

Poly(D-lactide) with a star-shaped structure (starPDLA) has been synthesized and blended with commercial linear PLLA ( l -PLLA) to enhance processability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties via stereocomplexation and incorporation of covalent junctions with compact structure from the star-shaped polymer. The blends, with a starPDLA content of 0.1 and 0.2, showed increased elongation at break by 35–43 times and toughness by 40–47 times compared to l -PLLA, with a slight reduction in tensile strength and modulus. The blends were fabricated into packaging trays by film extrusion and thermoforming. The DSC, FTIR, and XRD results indicated that the tray products initially possessed low crystallinity due to the high cooling rate of the fabrication process. Upon microwave heating, the electromagnetic field interacts with polar functional groups of the chains, generating heat at a slightly higher temperature than the T g of the materials and triggering chain rearrangement to form favorable stereocomplex structures, enhancing their heat resistance and shape stability. These are suitable for warming foods with low water or oil content, e.g., frozen cooked rice or popcorn. The degradable packaging products have a high potential as a choice for microwavable single-use packaging for foods with low water or oil content.