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"herbivores"
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Plant-eating dinosaurs
\"Profiles plant eating dinosaurs from the Devonian, Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Grazers
Grazers all over the Earth provide nourishment for carnivores and are often valuable to humans for meat, skins, and various domestic uses. This volume provides a view of these varied and complex creatures as well as the features and behaviors that both bind them together and set them apart. --from publisher description
Book
Romeosaurus and Juliet Rex
Romeosaurus, who comes from a family of herbivores, befriends Juliet Rex, who comes from a family of carnivores, and they must find a way to be together despite their warring families.
Book
Species-specific plant-mediated effects between herbivores converge at high damage intensity
Plants are often exposed to multiple herbivores and densities of these attackers (or corresponding damage intensities) often fluctuate greatly in the field. Plant-mediated interactions vary among herbivore species and with changing feeding intensity, but little is known about how herbivore identity and density interact to determine plant responses and herbivore fitness. Here, we investigated this question using Triadica sebifera (tallow) and two common and abundant specialist insect herbivores, Bikasha collaris (flea beetle) and Heterapoderopsis bicallosicollis (weevil). By manipulating densities of leaffeeding adults of these two herbivore species, we tested how variations in the intensity of leaf damage caused by flea beetle or weevil adults affected the performance of root-feeding flea beetle larvae and evaluated the potential of induced tallow root traits to predict flea beetle larval performance. We found that weevil adults consistently decreased the survival of flea beetle larvae with increasing leaf damage intensities. In contrast, conspecific flea beetle adults increased their larval survival at low damage then decreased larval survival at high damage, resulting in a unimodal pattern. Chemical analyses showed that increasing leaf damage from weevil adults linearly decreased root carbohydrates and increased root tannin, whereas flea beetle adults had opposite effects as weevil adults at low damage and similar effects as them at high damage. Furthermore, across all feeding treatments, flea beetle larval survival correlated positively with concentrations of carbohydrates and negatively with concentration of tannin, suggesting that root primary and secondary metabolism might underlie the observed effects on flea beetle larvae. Our study demonstrates that herbivore identity and density interact to determine systemic plant responses and plant-mediated effects on herbivores. In particular, effects are species-specific at low densities, but converge at high densities. These findings emphasize the importance of considering herbivore identity and density simultaneously when investigating factors driving plant-mediated interactions between herbivores, which advances our understanding of the structure and composition of herbivore communities and terrestrial food webs.
Journal Article
Porcupine's picnic : who eats what?
\"Porcupine is having a picnic! As more animals arrive, each of them eats something different. But then Tiger shows up. Uh-oh! Back matter offers further information about herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Insect species richness affects plant responses to multi-herbivore attack
• Plants are often attacked by multiple insect herbivores. How plants deal with an increasing richness of attackers from a single or multiple feeding guilds is poorly understood.
• We subjected black mustard (Brassica nigra) plants to 51 treatments representing attack by an increasing species richness (one, two or four species) of either phloem feeders, leaf chewers, or a mix of both feeding guilds when keeping total density of attackers constant and studied how this affects plant resistance to subsequent attack by caterpillars of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).
• Increased richness in phloem-feeding attackers compromised resistance to P. xylostella. By contrast, leaf chewers induced a stronger resistance to subsequent attack by caterpillars of P. xylostella while species richness did not play a significant role for chewing herbivore induced responses. Attack by a mix of herbivores from different feeding guilds resulted in plant resistance similar to resistance levels of plants that were not previously exposed to herbivory.
• We conclude that B. nigra plants channel their defence responses stronger towards a feeding-guild specific response when under multi-species attack by herbivores of the same feeding guild, but integrate responses when simultaneously confronted with a mix of herbivores from different feeding guilds.
Journal Article