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To the best of our knowledge, no systematic review and meta-analysis has evaluated the cholesterol-lowering effects of intermittent fasting (IF) and energy-restricted diets (ERD) compared with control groups. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of controlled clinical trials examining the influence of IF and ERD on lipid profiles. A systematic review of four independent databases (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar) was performed to identify clinical trials reporting the effects of IF or ERD, relative to non-diet controls, on lipid profiles in humans. A random-effects model, employing the method of DerSimonian and Laird, was used to evaluate effect sizes, and results were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity between studies was calculated using Higgins I2, with values ≥50% considered to represent high heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine the influence of intervention type, baseline lipid concentrations, degree of energy deficit, sex, health status, and intervention duration. For the outcomes of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TG), there were 34, 33, 35, and 33 studies meeting all inclusion criteria, respectively. Overall, results from the random-effects model indicated that IF and ERD interventions resulted significant changes in TC (WMD, –6.93 mg/dL; 95% CI, –10.18 to –3.67; P < 0.001; I2 = 78.2%), LDL-C (WMD, –6.16 mg/dL; 95% CI, –8.42 to –3.90; P ˂ 0.001; I2 = 52%), and TG concentrations (WMD, –6.46 mg/dL; 95% CI, –10.64 to –2.27; P = 0.002; I2 = 61%). HDL-C concentrations did not change significantly after IF or ERD (WMD, 0.50 mg/dL; 95% CI, –0.69 to 1.70; P = 0.411; I2 = 80%). Subgroup analyses indicated potentially differential effects between subgroups for one or more lipid parameters in the majority of analyses. Relative to a non-diet control, IF and ERD are effective for the improvement of circulating TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations, but have no meaningful effects on HDL-C concentration. These effects are influenced by several factors that may inform clinical practice and future research. The present results suggest that these dietary practices are a means of enhancing the lipid profile in humans. •Other than Ramadan intermittent fasting, specific intermittent fasting strategies may be adopted into clinical scenario.•Intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets are effective in improving circulating total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol levels.•However, intermittent fasting and energy-restricted diets have no meaningful effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Thermal stability against crystallization upon isobaric heating at pressure 0.1 ≤ P ≤ 1.9 GPa is compared for five variants of high-(HDA) and very high-density amorphous ice (VHDA) with different preparation history. At 0.1–0.3 GPa expanded HDA (eHDA) and VHDA reach the same state before crystallization, which we infer to be the contested high-density liquid (HDL). Thus, 0.3 GPa sets the high-pressure limit for the possibility to observe HDL for time-scales of minutes, hours, and longer. At P > 0.3 GPa the annealed amorphous ices no longer reach the same state before crystallization. Further examination of the results demonstrates that crystallization times are significantly affected both by the density of the amorphous matrix at the crystallization temperature Tₓ as well as by nanocrystalline domains remaining in unannealed HDA (uHDA) as a consequence of incomplete pressure-induced amorphization.

The non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) is a recently developed lipid parameter, but there is currently a lack of research exploring its relationship with periodontitis. This study aims to identify the potential association between NHHR and periodontitis. The association between NHHR and periodontitis were examined through univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression utilizing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from 2009 to 2014. The participants were grouped based on the type of periodontitis. This study included a total of 9023 participants, with 1947 individuals having no periodontitis, and an additional 7076 individuals suffering from periodontitis. Patients in periodontitis group demonstrated a statistically significant elevation in NHHR values 2.82 (2.05–3.80) compared to those in no periodontitis group ( p  < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis of variables demonstrated a positive association between NHHR and periodontitis [1.07 (1.02, 1.12) p  = 0.0067]. The study revealed a positive association between NHHR and an elevated prevalence of periodontitis development. For each unit increase in NHHR, there is a 7% increase in the prevalence of periodontitis. Further investigations into NHHR may enhance our understanding of preventing and treating periodontitis. However, additional studies are required to validate these findings.

The ratio of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) to HDL-C (NHHR) is a novel lipid parameter used to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between the NHHR and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Owing to the lack of research exploring this relationship in specific populations, this study aimed to determine the potential link between the NHHR and risk of NAFLD among American adults in the United States. Data were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2017–2020. After excluding individuals with other liver diseases, alcohol abuse, and missing lipid data, a total of 6809 eligible adults were included for analysis. The NHHR was calculated as the ratio of (non-HDL-C) to HDL-C, while NAFLD was identified by liver steatosis detected by transient elastography. Multivariable weighted logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were employed to investigate the relationship between the NHHR and risk of NAFLD. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted to test the robustness of the results. As the NHHR increased, the prevalence of NAFLD rose progressively (5.88% vs. 8.75% vs. 12.24% vs. 15.77%, p  < 0.001). In the overall population, after adjusting for confounding factors, each unit increase in the NHHR was associated with a 25% increase in NAFLD risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03–1.53, p  = 0.0372). When the NHHR was analyzed as a categorical variable (quartiles), participants in the highest quartile had a significantly higher risk of NAFLD than those in the lowest quartile (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.75–3.85, p  = 0.009). RCS analysis further indicated a nonlinear dose–response relationship between the NHHR and risk of NAFLD ( p non-linearity < 0.0001). This association remained significant in both subgroup and sensitivity analyses. This study confirmed that the NHHR, particularly at higher levels, was an independent risk factor for NAFLD. As a comprehensive lipid indicator, the NHHR had the potential to predict NAFLD risk. These findings provided new insights for the prevention and clinical management of NAFLD.

The associations between time spent in sleep, sedentary behaviors (SB) and physical activity with health are usually studied without taking into account that time is finite during the day, so time spent in each of these behaviors are codependent. Therefore, little is known about the combined effect of time spent in sleep, SB and physical activity, that together constitute a composite whole, on obesity and cardio-metabolic health markers. Cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2005-6 cycle on N = 1937 adults, was undertaken using a compositional analysis paradigm, which accounts for this intrinsic codependence. Time spent in SB, light intensity (LIPA) and moderate to vigorous activity (MVPA) was determined from accelerometry and combined with self-reported sleep time to obtain the 24 hour time budget composition. The distribution of time spent in sleep, SB, LIPA and MVPA is significantly associated with BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides, plasma glucose, plasma insulin (all p<0.001), and systolic (p<0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.003), but not HDL or LDL. Within the composition, the strongest positive effect is found for the proportion of time spent in MVPA. Strikingly, the effects of MVPA replacing another behavior and of MVPA being displaced by another behavior are asymmetric. For example, re-allocating 10 minutes of SB to MVPA was associated with a lower waist circumference by 0.001% but if 10 minutes of MVPA is displaced by SB this was associated with a 0.84% higher waist circumference. The proportion of time spent in LIPA and SB were detrimentally associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease markers, but the association with SB was stronger. For diabetes risk markers, replacing SB with LIPA was associated with more favorable outcomes. Time spent in MVPA is an important target for intervention and preventing transfer of time from LIPA to SB might lessen the negative effects of physical inactivity.

Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and cancer. The KD diet could potentially increase genetic diversity of the microbiome and increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The epigenome might be positively affected by the KD since it creates a signaling molecule known as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). KD has helped patients with diabetes reduce their HbA1c and reduce the need for insulin. There is evidence to suggest that a KD can help with weight loss, visceral adiposity, and appetite control. The evidence also suggests that eating a high-fat diet improves lipid profiles by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lowering triglycerides (TG). Due to the Warburg effect, the KD is used as an adjuvant treatment to starve cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The potential positive impacts of a KD on each of these areas warrant further analysis, improved studies, and well-designed randomized controlled trials to further illuminate the therapeutic possibilities provided by this dietary intervention.

Introduction Previous studies have shown that the serum uric acid‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) is related to metabolic syndrome. However, no existing study has examined the relationship between UHR and insulin resistance (IR). Therefore, this study aims to explore the association between the UHR and IR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (1,532 males and 1,013 females) were enrolled. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) and was defined as HOMI‐IR ≥ 2.69. Pearson correlation, multiple logistic regression, ROC analysis, and subgroup analysis were used to evaluate the association between UHR and IR. Results UHR was associated with HOMA‐IR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.274 in males and 0.337 in females, P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that UHR was significantly correlated with insulin resistance (OR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.03–1.08 in males and OR = 1.11, 95%CI = 1.08–1.15 in females). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of UHR (AUC = 0.665 for males and 0.717 for females, all P < 0.01) was the largest compared with that of UA and HDL‐C in insulin resistance. Subgroup analysis showed that there was a more significantly positive correlation among subjects with BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, age < 60 years old, HbA1c < 7%, non‐hypertension, or in female subjects. Conclusion Elevated UHR is significantly correlated with insulin resistance, which can be used as an indicator of insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. UHR is positively correlated with an increase in HOMA‐IR and the risk of insulin resistance (IR) in a mass of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. UHR is more effective in detecting IR compared with uric acid or HDL‐C alone.

Increasing evidence suggests that high consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in non-communicable diseases, overweight and obesity. The present study systematically reviewed all observational studies that investigated the association between UPF consumption and health status. A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted, and reference lists of included articles were checked. Only cross-sectional and prospective cohort studies were included. At the end of the selection process, twenty-three studies (ten cross-sectional and thirteen prospective cohort studies) were included in the systematic review. As regards the cross-sectional studies, the highest UPF consumption was associated with a significant increase in the risk of overweight/obesity (+39 %), high waist circumference (+39 %), low HDL-cholesterol levels (+102 %) and the metabolic syndrome (+79 %), while no significant associations with hypertension, hyperglycaemia or hypertriacylglycerolaemia were observed. For prospective cohort studies evaluating a total population of 183 491 participants followed for a period ranging from 3·5 to 19 years, highest UPF consumption was found to be associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality in five studies (risk ratio (RR) 1·25, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·37; P < 0·00001), increased risk of CVD in three studies (RR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·48; P = 0·0003), cerebrovascular disease in two studies (RR 1·34, 95 % CI 1·07, 1·68; P = 0·01) and depression in two studies (RR 1·20, 95 % CI 1·03, 1·40; P = 0·02). In conclusion, increased UPF consumption was associated, although in a limited number of studies, with a worse cardiometabolic risk profile and a higher risk of CVD, cerebrovascular disease, depression and all-cause mortality.

The excessive amount of global plastic produced over the past century, together with poor waste management, has raised concerns about environmental sustainability. Plastic recycling has become a practical approach for diminishing plastic waste and maintaining sustainability among plastic waste management methods. Chemical and mechanical recycling are the typical approaches to recycling plastic waste, with a simple process, low cost, environmentally friendly process, and potential profitability. Several plastic materials, such as polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, and polyurethanes, can be recycled with chemical and mechanical recycling approaches. Nevertheless, due to plastic waste’s varying physical and chemical properties, plastic waste separation becomes a challenge. Hence, a reliable and effective plastic waste separation technology is critical for increasing plastic waste’s value and recycling rate. Integrating recycling and plastic waste separation technologies would be an efficient method for reducing the accumulation of environmental contaminants produced by plastic waste, especially in industrial uses. This review addresses recent advances in plastic waste recycling technology, mainly with chemical recycling. The article also discusses the current recycling technology for various plastic materials.

Background The purpose of this research is to investigate the particular connection between the triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL‐C) ratio and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to offer a more precise foundation for evaluating NAFLD risk. Methods This study involves a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study conducted from 2004 to 2015 in a Japanese population, which included 14,106 participants. The TG/HDL‐C ratio was determined by the levels of triglycerides (TG) and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). Participants were grouped according to the quartiles of TG/HDL‐C. We analyzed the relationship between TG/HDL‐C and NAFLD using Cox proportional hazards regression, smooth curve fitting, and sensitivity analysis. Results The average age of the study participants was 43.51 ± 8.89 years, with 7275 (51.57%) being male. After considering potential confounding factors, the study found a positive correlation between TG/HDL‐C and NAFLD (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.31–1.43, p < 0.001). Moreover, a nonlinear relationship between TG/HDL‐C and NAFLD was found, with a turning point at 1.42. The odds ratio (OR) on either side of this inflection point were 3.71 (95% CI: 2.87–4.79) on the left and 1.23 (95% CI: 1.17–1.29) on the right, indicating a stronger correlation when TG/HDL‐C is below 1.42, particularly in younger individuals, females, and those with a BMI under 25 kg/m2. Conclusion The TG/HDL‐C index shows a nonlinear positive correlation with NAFLD risk, particularly when the TG/HDL‐C ratio is below 1.42, with a stronger association observed in younger individuals, females, and lower‐BMI populations. This study reveals a nonlinear positive correlation between the TG/HDL‐C ratio and the risk of NAFLD. The association is particularly pronounced when the ratio is below 1.42.