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The reliability of oxide‐semiconductor (OS) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) is significantly influenced by the gate insulator (GI). During electrical bias stress, the defect sites near the semiconductor/GI interface and/or within the GI may trap electrons, which makes the threshold voltage (Vth) shift toward positive values. On the other hand, carbon (C) or hydrogen (H) atoms may diffuse from the GI into the active layer, and act as shallow donors, which induce negative Vth shifts (ΔVth). In this paper, an in situ atomic layer deposition (ALD)‐based GI heterostructure is introduced, which consists of a stack of two complementary materials, namely Al2O3 and SiO2. Here, a competition occurs between electron trapping in Al2O3 (positive ΔVth) and carrier generation from H atoms in SiO2 (negative ΔVth) which allows the achievement of nearly zero ΔVth under positive bias temperature stress (PBTS). This strategy is successfully applied to a high‐mobility (>50 cm2 Vs−1) ALD‐based indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) device, resulting in a net ∆Vth of −0.02 V under PBTS and drain current variation (∆ID) of +0.49% under constant current stress (CCS). The application of an in situ ALD process thus offers valuable insights to resolve the mobility versus reliability trade‐off in high‐performance oxide TFTs. A heterogeneous gate insulator (GI) that can achieve high reliability while expressing the high‐mobility (>50 cm2 Vs−1) characteristics of indium‐rich atomic layer depostion (ALD)‐based indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) is developed through an in situ ALD process. A net zero strategy is proposed that independently controls the donor and trap within the GI, achieving the high‐stability of positive‐bias‐temperature‐stability (∆Vth = −0.02 V) and constant‐current‐stability (∆ID = 0.49%).

This study aims to further clarify the functionality of job resources in the context of high-reliability teams. Combining extant stress models with theoretical considerations from team research, we address temporal variations in the buffering effect of trust in teammates. We hypothesize that trust buffers the negative effect of objective physical activity on perceived strain and that this buffering effect is more pronounced during later performance episodes (i.e., when employees complete a series of temporally distinguishable tasks). We tested the hypotheses with a sample of professional firefighters who completed a sequence of 3 performance episodes in a high-fidelity simulation environment. Each participant was equipped with a smartphone capturing individual motion activity, which we used as an indicator of physical activity. In line with our hypotheses, multilevel modeling revealed a buffering effect of trust on the relationship between physical activity and perceived strain. Importantly, this buffering effect was more pronounced in the second performance episode as compared with the first performance episode. Our findings add a temporal perspective to the understanding of the effectiveness of job resources. In addition, the current study illustrates the usefulness of smartphones for obtaining behavioral data in a naturalistic setting.

ABSTRACTTeamwork and effective communication between all health care staff members are essential to providing safe, high‐quality patient care. High‐reliability organizations align behavioral expectations with organizational values and prioritize safety over other performance metrics and pressures. Communication breakdowns, such as inadequate or incomplete information shared between caregivers, continues to be an issue that is linked to errors and staff member dissatisfaction. Initiatives to improve health care communication and improve patient outcomes are well documented, yet communication issues in the health care setting continue. An organization's credo defines its values and behavioral expectations. Educating team members on an organization's credo creates accountability among those teams to align their behavior with the organization's values, policies, and professional commitment. A Coworker Observation Reporting System offers a communication method for providing meaningful feedback on behaviors inconsistent with an organization's credo.

Normalization of deviance is a phenomenon in which individuals and teams depart from an acceptable performance standard until the adopted way of practice becomes the new norm. This phenomenon is concerning in high‐risk areas of health care because it erodes a safety culture. Additionally, it is inimical to the principles of high reliability—specifically, to the first of the five principles: preoccupation with failure. Although all high‐reliability principles hold relevance to safety, preoccupation with failure describes a consistent alertness to risk and is critical for preventing adverse events, particularly in high‐risk environments such as the OR. This article describes how normalization of deviance and preoccupation with failure cannot coexist and presents ways to mitigate normalization of deviance and bolster high reliability, ultimately making ORs safer for surgical patients.

Construction activities involve a lot of risk as workers are exposed to a wide range of job hazards, such as working at height, moving vehicles, toxic substances, and confined spaces. The hazards related to a construction project are mostly unpredictable because construction projects move quickly due to project deadlines, and changing work environments. As a result of this, the industry accounts for one of the highest numbers of work-related claims, and the fourth highest incidence rate of serious claims in Australia. This research investigates how key safety management factors can measure the characteristics of high reliability organisations (HROs) in the construction industry in New South Wales Australia. To address the problem, a model is presented that can predict characteristics of HRO in construction (CHC). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the model and measurement instruments are tested and validated from data collected from construction workers. The results identified the factors that effectively measure CHC, and the findings can also be used as a safety management strategy and will contribute to the body of knowledge in research.

Background There is a need to ensure that the risks associated with medication usage in primary health care are controlled. To maintain an understanding of the risks, health‐care organizations may engage in a process known as “mindful organizing.” While this is typically conceived of as involving organizational members, it may in the health‐care context also include patients. Our study aimed to examine ways in which patients might contribute to mindful organizing with respect to primary care medication safety. Method Qualitative focus groups and interviews were carried out with 126 members of the public in North West England and the East Midlands. Participants were taking medicines for a long‐term health condition, were taking several medicines, had previously encountered problems with their medication or were caring for another person in any of these categories. Participants described their experiences of dealing with medication‐related concerns. The transcripts were analysed using a thematic method. Results We identified 4 themes to explain patient behaviour associated with mindful organizing: knowledge about clinical or system issues; artefacts that facilitate control of medication risks; communication with health‐care professionals; and the relationship between patients and the health‐care system (in particular, mutual trust). Conclusions Mindful organizing is potentially useful for framing patient involvement in safety, although there are some conceptual and practical issues to be addressed before it can be fully exploited in this setting. We have identified factors that influence (and are strengthened by) patients’ engagement in mindful organizing, and as such would be a useful focus of efforts to support patient involvement.

This article addresses the question of to what extent conventional theories of high reliability organizations and normal accidents theory are applicable to public bureaucracy. Empirical evidence suggests precisely this. Relevant cases are, for instance, collapsing buildings and bridges due to insufficient supervision of engineering by the relevant authorities, infants dying at the hands of their own parents due to misperceptions and neglect on the part of child protection agencies, uninterrupted serial killings due to a lack of coordination among police services, or improper planning and risk assessment in the preparation of mass events such as soccer games or street parades. The basic argument is that conceptualizing distinct and differentiated causal mechanisms is useful for developing more fine-grained variants of both normal accident theory and high reliability organization theory that take into account standard pathologies of public bureaucracies and inevitable trade-offs connected to their political embeddedness in democratic and rule-of-law-based systems to which belong the tensions between responsiveness and responsibility and between goal attainment and system maintenance. This, the article argues, makes it possible to identify distinct points of intervention at which permissive conditions with the potential to trigger risk-generating human action can be neutralized while the threshold that separates risk-generating human action from actual disaster can be raised to a level that makes disastrous outcomes less probable.

This article examines algorithmic trading and some key failures and risks associated with it, including so-called algorithmic ‘flash crashes’. Drawing on documentary sources, 189 interviews with market participants, and fieldwork conducted at an algorithmic trading firm, we argue that automated markets are characterized by tight coupling and complex interactions, which render them prone to large-scale technological accidents, according to Perrow’s normal accident theory. We suggest that the implementation of ideas from research into high-reliability organizations offers a way for trading firms to curb some of the technological risk associated with algorithmic trading. Paradoxically, however, certain systemic conditions in markets can allow individual firms’ high-reliability practices to exacerbate market instability, rather than reduce it. We therefore conclude that in order to make automated markets more stable (and curb the impact of failures), it is important to both widely implement reliability-enhancing practices in trading firms and address the systemic risks that follow from the tight coupling and complex interactions of markets.

It is known that modern electronic systems require increased safety in their operation. Despite of the remarcable technological achievments reached mostly in the last two decades, faults remains unavoidable in electronic systems. Therefore, failures occurrence in electronic circuits are the main causes of important material or finacial losses. This paper deals with challenging issues o fintelligent and high reliability electronic structures implementation for safety industrial applications. An intuitive development exemple it is unfolded in the paper that embedds both outstanding intelligence and high level of reliability. High reliability has been achieved by following redundancy implementation paradigms reyling in faults masking and and dynamic commutation strategy. Intelligence is expressed by electronic topologies that enables self-configuration of their internal structure in fault occurence operation states. These behaviors have beeen reached by using reconfigurable electronics and grid computing technologies. The final result of the unfolded research efforts is a high-reliability electronic system endowed both with high reliability and intelligent behaviors for a large scale of safety industrial applications.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the prescribed formative elements of supply chain resilience (SCR) in literature, to compare them with the unique characteristics of high reliability organisations (HROs) and derive lessons useful for improving SCR. Design/methodology/approach Two systematic literature reviews are carried out as follows: one on SCR and the other on HRO, which identified 107 studies and 18 papers, respectively. The results from the review are presented, analysed and synthesised. Findings Findings suggest that despite significant similarities in some of the proposed formative elements for SCR and the characteristics of HROs, the strong managerial commitment exhibited in HROs is absent in SCR literature. More importantly, the most cited characteristic of HROs, which is their flexible decision making structure is pointed out as a prima lesson towards developing resilience in supply chains. Practical implications A decision making framework to facilitate flexible decision making for supply chains during crisis is presented. Further, practical lessons are pointed out from principles common to both streams of literature such as redundancy, human resource management, collaboration, agility, flexibility, culture and risk avoidance that can be implemented in supply chains. Originality/value This paper is the first study to systematically review HROs, adapt a HRO decision making framework and also apply the Cynefin framework to SCR. This, therefore, provides the basis to launch further research into the use of these theories and the role of decision-making in SCR creation.