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The current study was conducted from November 2023 to February 2024 on 20 male laboratory mice. The current study evaluated the effect of infection with the dwarf worm on some biochemical and immunological parameters and some histological changes of the liver and intestine of laboratory mice. During the current study, liver enzymes, some cellular motility and immunoglobulin E were measured using ELISA technology by providing a set of work from well-known international companies. Histological sections of the liver and intestine of mice were also prepared for both the control and dwarf worm-infected groups. The current study showed significant differences between the levels of enzymes, cellular motility and immunoglobulin E levels by comparing the results of the infected group with the control group. In addition, the current study also showed changes in the liver and intestine tissues by comparing with the control group as well. It appears from the results of the current study that infection with the dwarf worm causes changes in liver functions and stimulates the immune response in addition to histological changes in both the liver and intestine.

Some histopathological alterations take place in the ischemic regions following brain ischemia. Recent studies have demonstrated some neuroprotective roles of crocin in different models of experimental cerebral ischemia. Here, we investigated the probable neuroprotective effects of crocin on the brain infarction and histopathological changes after transient model of focal cerebral ischemia. Experiment was performed in four groups of rats (each group; n=8), sham, control ischemia and ischemia treated rats. Transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 80 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by 24 hr reperfusion. Crocin, at doses 50 and 80 mg/kg, was injected at the beginning of ischemia (IP injection). Neurologic outcome (Neurological Deficit Score, NDS scale), infarct volume (TTC staining) and histological studies were assessed 24 hr after termination of MCAO. Treatment with crocin, at doses 50 and 80 mg/kg, significantly reduced the cortical infarct volume by 48% and 60%, and also decreased striatal infarct volume by 45% and75%, respectively. Crocin at two different doses significantly improved the NDS of ischemic rats. At histological evaluation, crocin, at dose 80 mg/kg more than 50 mg/kg, decreased the number of eosinophilic (prenecrotic) neurons and reduced the fiber demyelination and axonal damage in ischemic regions. Our findings indicated that crocin effectively reduces brain ischemia-induced injury and improves neurological outcomes. Crocin also is a potent neuroprotective factor that can be able to prevent histopathological alterations following brain ischemia.

This study was aimed  to evaluate the toxic properties of phenylmethane on internal organs and liver enzymes (Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alkaline serum transaminase (AST)changes in mice. Thirty albino mice randomly divided equally into 2 groups, each group contains (15) animals as following: 1st group was administrated orally (0.2 mg / kg B.w) of  Phenylmethane daily for (8)weeks, 2nd group was considered as negative control group. Finally all animals euthanized and sample of blood were taken for biochemical examination and histopathological specimens were taken from liver, kidney and brain. Results revealed that phenylmethane pointedly enlarged in the level of liver enzyme after 8 weeks  that ALP (88.50 ± 1.01), AST (250.20 ± 0.92) compare with control(50.00 ± 0.85), (231.80 ± 1.40). The histopathological lesions showed that the animals exposed to toxic dose of phenylmethane  was characterized by inflammatory reaction, hemorrhage, congested blood vessels, necrosis, fibrosis and granuloma in internal organs. In conclusion, phenylmethane  had possess toxic effects for internal organs in mice. To avoid its harm on human, the use of phenylmethane should be expertise.

Temperature shock is a major natural cause of mass mortality of global fish. Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus, one of the most widely cultured species, with high resistance against severe environmental conditions, is also affected by rapid temperature changes. This research was conducted to investigate histopathological changes and oxidative stress in O. niloticus in response to temperature shock. The malondialdehyde levels in the serum, gills and brain, the histopathology of the gills and brain, and the histochemical characterization of the gills’ mucosubstances were measured in the fish exposed to heat shock and cold shock conditions. The results showed that the fish could not survive under 37 °C for 24 hours. Malondialdehyde levels in the gills, brain and serum increased significantly when compared to those of the controls. Moreover, histopathological changes and a decrease in the number of neutral and acidic mucous cells was observed in the gills of fish in both the heat shock and cold shock groups. Histopathological alteration, vacuolated neuropil in the brain, was observed only in the fish in the cold shock groups. The results from this study indicate that rapid 4 °C changes in water temperature (25–21 and 25–29 °C) evoked oxidative stress and histological damage to O. niloticus, whereas extreme 12 °C changes (25–13 and 25–37 °C) severely affected their oxidative stress and histopathological condition.

The increased utilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in multiple applications is leading to a rise in environmental contamination caused by their release, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of AgNPs (10, 20, 50, and 100 µg/L) and bulk silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ) at 100 µg/L, on the hepatic antioxidant defense system, oxidative stress markers, and liver histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), with sampling conducted biweekly over six weeks. AgNPs were chemically synthesized using trisodium acetate, yielding an average crystallite size of 29.92 nm. Results demonstrated that both antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels in Nile tilapia exhibited a dose-dependent response. During weeks 2 and 4, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), activities, along with LPO levels were significantly increased, while TAC levels notably decreased, especially at higher AgNPs concentrations. By week 6, antioxidant enzyme activities were suppressed, and LPO levels were markedly elevated in the higher AgNPs groups (AgNPs-50 and AgNPs-100). In contrast, fish exposed to bulk AgNO 3 exhibited activation of the enzymatic antioxidant system, although LPO levels remained elevated throughout the experimental period. Histopathological analysis revealed progressive liver damage, including congestion, dilation, fibrosis, fatty degeneration, and necrosis. These effects were more pronounced with higher doses of AgNPs. The results showed a mitigation response among all experimental groups during the first four weeks. However, by week 6, the antioxidant system in Nile tilapia exposed to higher doses of AgNPs failed to cope with the induced oxidative stress. This underscores the significantly higher ecological risks associated with prolonged exposure to AgNPs compared to AgNO 3 , revealing a critical concern for the stability and health of aquatic ecosystems.

We aimed to evaluate whether white and gray matter microstructure changes observed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to reflect the progression of chronic brain trauma. The MRI-DTI parameters, neuropathologic changes, and behavioral performance of adult male Wistar rats that underwent moderate (2.1 atm on day “0”) or repeated mild (1.5 atm on days “0” and “2”) traumatic brain injury (TBI or rmTBI) or sham operation were evaluated at 7 days, 14 days, and 1–9 months after surgery. Neurobehavioral tests showed that TBI causes long-term motor, cognitive and neurological deficits, whereas rmTBI results in more significant deficits in these paradigms. Both histology and MRI show that rmTBI causes more significant changes in brain lesion volumes than TBI. In vivo DTI further reveals that TBI and rmTBI cause persistent microstructural changes in white matter tracts (such as the body of the corpus callosum, splenium of corpus callus, internal capsule and/or angular bundle) of both two hemispheres. Luxol fast blue measurements reveal similar myelin loss (as well as reduction in white matter thickness) in ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres as observed by DTI analysis in injured rats. These data indicate that the disintegration of microstructural changes in white and gray matter parameters analyzed by MRI-DTI can serve as noninvasive and reliable markers of structural and functional level alterations in chronic TBI.

In the complex conditions of intensive pig breeding, respiratory diseases remain a significant health and economic challenge, despite substantial progress in diagnostics and control measures. This study analyzes the pathoanatomical and histopathological changes in the respiratory organs of dead pigs from different production categories, as well as in clinically healthy fattening pigs inspected on the slaughter line. The research was conducted on a farrow-to-finish pig farm in southern Serbia without immunoprophylaxis against respiratory infections. A total of 182 animals were examined: 50 suckling piglets, 50 weaned pigs, 30 pre-fattening pigs, and 52 fattening pigs. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of lungs, trachea, tonsils, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes revealed interstitial pneumonia predominated in young pigs categories (suckling and weaned), while older pigs (pre-fattening) showed purulent, fibrinous, and mixed broncho-interstitial pneumonia, often with pleural adhesions. Among fattening pigs, 82.7% showed no macroscopic lung changes. In cases of interstitial pneumonia, histology revealed type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell accumulation in the interstitium. Purulent bronchopneumonia exhibited neutrophilic granulocytes and epithelial desquamation, while fibrinous bronchopneumonia showed extensive fibrin deposits. Catarrhal inflammation of the trachea was most common in weaned pigs (38.0%), while tonsillitis occurred most frequently in suckling piglets (24.0%) and weaned pigs (28.0%). Reactive lymphadenitis in the tracheobronchial lymph nodes was highest in pre-fattening pigs (63.3%), suckling piglets (44.0%) and weaned pigs (40.0%). Although pathomorphological findings alone cannot confirm an etiological diagnosis, they guide further diagnostic investigations and emphasize the need for improved control, prevention, and diagnostic programs for respiratory infections in pigs.

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) have been a significant concern in swine health, with PCV2 being a well‐established pathogen. However, the newly discovered PCV3 and PCV4 have emerged, and their impact on piglets remains less understood. Understanding their pathogenicity is crucial for effective porcine health management. In this study, 3‐week‐old piglets were inoculated with PCV2, PCV3, and PCV4. PCV2 led to expected growth inhibition and severe clinical signs like anorexia. PCV3, though showing milder symptoms, exhibited unique tissue tropism, with detectable virus in the heart, lungs, and brain tissues. PCV4 caused distinct tissue damage, including cardiac fibrosis and renal changes. In terms of immune responses, each virus triggered different cytokine profiles. PCV3 and PCV4 also demonstrated replication capabilities in vitro and in vivo. PCV3 and PCV4 clearly have pathogenic patterns that differ from those of PCV2. These findings provide essential insights for veterinarians and swine producers. Understanding these viruses’ behavior aids in developing targeted prevention and control strategies, such as improved diagnostic tools and potential new vaccines, to enhance porcine health management and safeguard the swine industry from the threats posed by these emerging PCVs.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of parasites of domestic pigeons ( ) and the histopathological changes associated with helminth parasites in their intestines. A total of 71 pigeons, 50 (30 males, 20 females) were examined for ectoparasites and 21(15 males, 7 females) for the presence of endoparasites (P-value 0.189). Thirty-six out of 50 pigeons (72 %) were infected with two species of ectoparasites (lice); was found in 30 pigeons out of 36 (83.33 %), while was found in 6 pigeons (P-value < 0.001). Fifteen out of 21 (71.4 %) pigeons were infected with endoparasites, out of which 12 (80 %) had one or more species of the total 6 species of cestodes, including (57.1 %), (57.1 %), (23.8 %), (9.52 %), (9.52 %) and (14.28 %). Three male pigeons (14.28 %) were found to be infected with only 1 species of nematode . All 12 pigeons (9 males, 3 females) were infected with R. tetragona and R. micracantha (57.1 %); additionally, all 12 showed triple parasitic infestation, having one other species of cestode in addition to these. Only 3 pigeons were found infected with the nematode . The prevalence of spp. was higher than that of other species. Males were found to be more infected than females (P-value 0.502). Histopathological fi ndings revealed destruction and shrinkage in the duodenum, necrosis and shrinkage of serosa and submucosa, villous atrophy and migratory tunnels formation, atrophic hyperplasia in the ileum, aggregate of infl ammatory lymphocytes at the lamina propria, infl ammation of villi in the rectum, cell death, infi ltration of lymphocytes, infl ammation and histological hyperplasia in the intestines. It was concluded that pigeons of the present locality were found infected with lice, cestode and nematode parasites that present a serious threat and might be injurious not only to pigeons but also to environmental contamination for humans and other animals. Further research is needed to identify the association and biological factors that affect humans.