Explore the vast range of titles available.

\"The garden was the cultural foundation of the early Mediterranean peoples; they acknowledged their reliance on and kinship to the land, and they understood nature through the lens of their diversely cultivated landscape. Their image of the garden underwrote the biblical book of Genesis and the region's three major religions. In this important melding of cultural and ecological histories, James H. S. McGregor suggests that the environmental crisis the world faces today is a result of Western society's abandonment of the \"First Nature\" principle--of the harmonious interrelationship of human communities and the natural world. The author demonstrates how this relationship, which persisted for millennia, effectively came to an end in the late eighteenth century, when \"nature\" came to be equated with untamed landscape devoid of human intervention. McGregor's essential work offers a new understanding of environmental accountability while proposing that recovering the original vision of ourselves, not as antagonists of nature but as cultivators of a biological world to which we innately belong, is possible through proven techniques of the past\"-- Provided by publisher.

Marine historical ecology provides a means to establish baselines to inform current fisheries management. Groupers (Epinephelidae) are key species for fisheries in the Mediterranean, which have been heavily overfished. Species abundance and distribution prior to the 20th century in the Mediterranean remains poorly known. To reconstruct the past biogeography of Mediterranean groupers, we investigated whether Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) can be used for identifying intra‐genus grouper bones to species level. We discovered 22 novel, species‐specific ZooMS biomarkers for groupers. Applying these biomarkers to Kinet Höyük, a Mediterranean archaeological site, demonstrated 4000 years of regional Epinephelus aeneus dominance and resiliency through millennia of fishing pressures, habitat degradation and climatic changes. Combining ZooMS identifications with catch size reconstructions revealed the Epinephelus aeneus capacity for growing 30 cm larger than hitherto documented, revising the maximum Total Length from 120 to 150 cm. Our results provide ecological baselines for a key Mediterranean fishery which could be leveraged to define and assess conservation targets.

In 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright returned to their hometown of Dayton, Ohio, from North Carolina, where they had piloted their powered flying machine for several short flights. They wanted to continue their research closer to home and chose a flat expanse called Huffman Prairie, eight miles east of Dayton, to continue their experiments. Here, in 1904 and 1905, the brothers refined their machine, creating the world's first practical powered aircraft. Huffman Prairie was one of many large grasslands in the valley of the Mad River of southwestern Ohio when the area was settled in the 1790s. These untamed fields of tall grasses and wildflowers were a product of the region's geology, climate, and ecology. This 2,000-acre grassland became part of a large, innovative flood control project, the Miami Conservancy District, and subsequently one of the country's first military aviation fields, which has evolved into a major air force base, Wright-Patterson. These achievements have provided great benefits to the citizens of the Dayton area and the United States, but at the cost of a diverse and beautiful landscape that was largely forgotten. Discovery and Renewal on Huffman Prairie tells the region's story from before the time when great continental glaciers covered much of what is now Ohio to the present. Along the way it covers the natural and human history of the site and the changes made to it by Native Americans, early settlers, farmers, flood control engineers, and the U.S. government. It goes on to explore how part of the prairie survived, leading to the restoration effort. Abundantly illustrated, this book includes a color photographic tour of the varied life of the prairie, as well as an overview of the Dayton Aviation National Historical Park that protects and interprets the Wright brothers' flying field.

Following decades of declines, populations of large fish recently started to increase in the North Sea, presumably due to reduced fishing pressure. However, population recovery may be too readily claimed, since standardised sampling of fish stocks commenced only in the 1970s, well after many species had already collapsed. A true recovery must be seen from a long-term perspective. The critically endangered common skate (Dipturus batis, Rajidae) species complex is an example of a large-bodied fish that mostly disappeared before standardised monitoring took place. Here, we put the recent increase in population size into a 120-year perspective, throughout three geographical divisions in the North Sea. We analysed a large range of mostly undisclosed historical data and contemporary sources. A reconstruction of Dutch commercial landings data confirms that the species used to be very abundant between 1901 and 1920, and shows how it steadily declined from 1920 onwards until it got extirpated around 1970. Based on a quantitative analysis of standardised catch numbers from fishery-independent surveys time, we conclude that the current abundance of the species is still below historical baselines and represents a local recovery at most. We further demonstrate a prominent and consistent pattern in size distribution, with larger (mature) individuals only occurring in the northern North Sea. A large dataset on historical stomach contents from the central North Sea confirmed the diet of young common skate, which consisted predominantly of shrimps. Our review exemplifies the importance of marine historical ecology to deduce the natural richness of the North Sea.

Forests cover approximately one-third of Central Europe. Oak (Quercus) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica,) are considered the natural dominants at low and middle elevations, respectively. Many coniferous forests (especially of Picea abies) occur primarily at midelevations, but these are thought to have resulted from forestry plantations planted over the past 200 years. Nature conservation and forestry policy seek to promote broadleaved trees over conifers. However, there are discrepancies between conservation guidelines (included in Natura 2000) and historical and palaeoecological data with regard to the distribution of conifers. Our aim was to bring new evidence to the debate on the conservation of conifers versus broadleaved trees at midelevations in Central Europe. We created a vegetation and land-cover model based on pollen data for a highland area of 11,300 km² in the Czech Republic and assessed tree species composition in the forests before the onset of modern forestry based on 18th-century archival sources. Conifers dominated the study region throughout the entire Holocene (approximately 40-60% of the area). Broadleaved trees were present in a much smaller area than envisaged by current ideas of natural vegetation. Rather than casting doubt on the principles of Central European nature conservation in general, our results highlight the necessity of detailed regional investigations and the importance of historical data in challenging established notions on the natural distribution of tree species. Aproximadamente un tercio de Europa Central esta cubierto por bosques. Encinos (Quercus) y hayas (Fagus sylvatica) son considerados los dominantes naturales en elevaciones bajas y medias, respectivamente. Muchos bosques de coniferas (especialmente Picea abies) ocurren como vegetación primaria en elevaciones medias, pero se piensa que resultaron de plantaciones forestales en los últimos 200 años. Las políticas de conservación de la naturaleza y forestales buscan promover árboles de hoja en lugar de coníferas. Sin embargo, hay discrepancias entre las directrices de conservación (incluidas en Natura 2000) y los datos históricos y paleoecológicos en relación con la distribución de coniferas. Nuestro objetivo fue aportar evidencias nuevas al debate sobre la conservación de coniferas versus árboles de hoja ancha en elevaciones medias en Europa Central. Creamos un modelo de vegetación y cobertura de suelo basado en datos de polen para tierras elevadas con superficie de 11,300 km² en la República Checa y evaluamos la composición de especies de árboles antes del desarrollo forestal moderno con base en fuentes en archivos del siglo 18. La zona de estudio (aproximadamente 40-60% de la superficie) fue dominada por coníferas durante el Holoceno. Árboles de hoja ancha estuvieron presentes en una superficie mucho menor que la considerada por las ideas actuales sobre la vegetación natural. En lugar de plantear dudas sobre los principios de la conservación de la naturaleza en general en Europa Central, nuestros resultados resaltan la necesidad de realizar investigaciones regionales detalladas así como la importancia de los datos históricos para cuestionar nociones establecidas sobre la distribución natural de especies de árboles.

Describes the evolving pattern of settlement and the changing relationships of people and land in Canada from the end of the 15th century to the late 1860s and early 1870s.

Historical archives hold untapped potential for understanding long-term biodiversity change. This study introduces computational approaches to historical ecology, combining archival research, text analysis, and spatial mapping to reconstruct past biodiversity patterns. Using the 1845 Bavarian Animal Observation Dataset (AOD1845), a comprehensive survey of vertebrate species across 119 districts, we transform 5400 prose records into structured ecological data. Our analyses reveal how species distributions, habitat associations, and human–wildlife interactions were shaped by land use and environmental pressures in pre-industrial Bavaria. Beyond documenting ecological baselines, the study captures early perceptions of habitat loss and species decline. We emphasise the critical role of historical expertise in interpreting archival sources and avoiding anachronisms when integrating historical data with modern biodiversity frameworks. By bridging the humanities and environmental sciences, this work shows how digitised archives and computational methods can open new frontiers for conservation science, restoration ecology, and Anthropocene studies. The findings advocate for the systematic mobilisation of historical datasets to better understand biodiversity change over time.

The deep-time dynamics of coupled socio-ecological systems at different spatial scales is viewed as a key framework to understand trends and mechanisms that have led to the Anthropocene. By integrating archeological and paleoenvironmental records, we test the hypothesis that Chilean societies progressively escalated their capacity to shape national biophysical systems as socio-cultural complexity and pressures on natural resources increased over the last three millennia. We demonstrate that Pre-Columbian societies intentionally transformed Chile’s northern and central regions by continuously adjusting socio-cultural practices and/or incorporating technologies that guaranteed resource access and social wealth. The fact that past human activities led to cumulative impacts on diverse biophysical processes, not only contradicts the notion of pristine pre-Industrial Revolution landscapes, but suggests that the Anthropocene derives from long-term processes that have operated uninterruptedly since Pre-Columbian times. Moreover, our synthesis suggests that most of present-day symptoms that describe the Anthropocene are rooted in pre-Columbian processes that scaled up in intensity over the last 3000 years, accelerating after the Spanish colonization and, more intensely, in recent decades. The most striking trend is the observed coevolution between the intensity of metallurgy and heavy-metal anthropogenic emissions. This entails that the Anthropocene cannot be viewed as a universal imprint of human actions that has arisen as an exclusive consequence of modern industrial societies. In the Chilean case, this phenomenon is intrinsically tied to historically and geographically diverse configurations in society-environment feedback relationships. Taken collectively with other case studies, the patterns revealed here could contribute to the discussion about how the Anthropocene is defined globally, in terms of chronology, stratigraphic markers and attributes. Furthermore, this deep-time narrative can potentially become a science-based instrument to shape better-informed discourses about the socio-environmental history in Chile. More importantly, however, this research provides crucial “baselines” to delineate safe operating spaces for future socio-ecological systems.