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Magmatic activity in continental arcs is known to vary in a non-steady-state manner, with the mechanisms driving magmatic activity being a matter of ongoing discussion. Of particular importance is the question of what extent episodic magmatism in continental arcs is governed by external factors (e.g., plate motions) and internal factors (e.g., feedback processes in the upper plate). To test existing models for magmatic episodicity, which are mostly based on temporally and spatially limited records, this study uses large data sets of geochronological, geochemical, and plate kinematic data to document the Paleozoic to Mesozoic development of the North and South American Cordilleras in eight transects from British Columbia to Patagonia. The temporal distribution of U/Pb bedrock and detrital zircon ages, used as a proxy for timing of magmatic accretion, shows that some minima and maxima of zircon abundance are nearly synchronous for thousands of kilometers along the arc. Some age patterns are characterized by a periodicity of 50-80 Ma, suggesting a cyclic controlling mechanism. Other magmatic lulls or flare-ups find no equivalents in adjacent sectors, indicating that either discrete events or variable lag times may also be important in governing magmatic activity in continental arcs. Magma composition in Mexico, the Peninsular Ranges, and the Sierra Nevada varies episodically and proportionally with the temporal record of arc activity. During flare-up events, there is an increase in Sm/Yb, indicating deeper melting, and a decrease in εNdi, suggesting a higher degree of crustal assimilation. Geochemical scatter also increases during the initiation of flare-up events. Plate kinematic data provide a means of evaluating mantle heat input. The correlation between plate convergence rate and magmatic accretion varies for each sector, suggesting that different flare-ups or lulls likely reflect variable combinations of processes.

Background Strength and power development are abilities important for athletic performance in many sports. Generally, resistance training based on gravity is used to improve these qualities. Flywheel training instead utilizes kinetic energy transferred to a flywheel. This allows for eccentric overload and variable resistance throughout the movement. The aim of this review was to identify the effects of flywheel training on multiple strength-related variables affecting athletic performance. The meta-analysis investigates the effects on (1) muscle growth (cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume/mass), (2) maximum dynamic strength, (3) development of power, (4) development of horizontal movement, and (5) development of vertical movement. Methods The meta-analysis includes 20 experimental studies that met the inclusion criteria. The quality of included studies was ranked according to the PEDro scale. Possible bias was identified in Funnel plot analyses. To enable the compilation of all results analyses, the random effect model was carried out using the software Review Manager Version 5.3 and presented with Forest plots. Results Flywheel training for a period of 4–24 weeks shows statistically significant increases in all strength aspects. Effect sizes were for hypertrophy, CSA 0.59; volume/mass 0.59; maximum strength 1.33; power 1.19; horizontal 1.01 and vertical movement 0.85. The evidence is particularly strong for beneficial effects from flywheel training in the development of maximal strength and power in trained younger individuals, and utilization of this training modality in shorter more intensive blocks. Conclusions Flywheel training is an effective method for improving several aspects of strength and power with importance for sports performance.

Pacific bluefin tuna (PBF, Thunnus orientalis ), migrate widely throughout the north Pacific Ocean during all life stages. However, studies on the migration of adult fish in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, where spawning occurs, are limited. This study investigated the post-spawning migration and habitat use of PBF from the major spawning grounds of the Nansei Islands (approximately 23–31° N), Japan, using pop-up satellite archival transmission (PAT) tags. The PAT tags were deployed on 15 PBF individuals (estimated fork lengths: 170–260 cm) in the late spawning season (May–June) of 2021, and tracking data were collected for 3–103 days. Four tagged PBF individuals moved > 2,500 km north to the Kuroshio-Oyashio transition region at high latitudes (40° N) in July–September, immediately after the spawning season. During this northward movement, these PBF showed a spatiotemporal change in their vertical behavior, adapting to regional thermal habitat differences. At low latitudes near the spawning grounds (23.6–29.6° N), the PBF dived to deep depths (mean: 162.8 m) to avoid the warm surface layer (mean: 28.6 °C); however, once they reached higher latitudes (36.6–44.9° N), they spent most of their time in the cool surface layer (mean: 18.5 °C; 22.3 m). Our findings suggest that adult PBF move from spawning grounds to physiologically suitable low-temperature, food-rich waters through long-distance movements, and then exhibit a habitat preference behavior characterized by repeated short-distance movements in response to the feeding environments at high latitudes.

The Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field is situated in the middle of the region between the Inner and Outer Carpathians. Geodynamic research conducted in the past in the Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB) region were suggestive of neotectonic activity. The goal of the investigation was to determine whether the nearby structures, the Podhale Flysh (FP) and the Magura Nappe (MN), are affected by neotectonic activity in the PKB. The goal of the study was to ascertain the velocity and direction of motion of stations situated close to the Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field’s 3 main structures. Twelve GNSS stations, including 6 in the PKB, 3 in the MN, and 3 in the FP, make up the Pieniny Geodynamic Test Field. Three GNSS sites in the Tatra Mountains (TM) complete the entire geodynamic test field. The satellite observations made between 2004 and 2020 (excluding the year 2005 due to lack of observation) were investigated to identify the horizontal movements. Using the IGb14 reference system, the station’s positions and velocities were calculated. First, daily sessions were used to process the horizontal coordinates of the points for an average observation epoch in a given year. Sixteen measurement epochs were included in the long-time solution. Based on the horizontal velocity residues in the north–south and east–west directions, the station’s movement was calculated. The collected results were compared to information from the EUREF Permanent GNSS Network (EUREF) and to the findings of prior research on the tectonic activity of the PKB. The results of horizontal displacements calculated using GNSS measurements in the area of the PKB and nearby structures—the MN and the FP are presented and analyzed in this article.

The mapping of landforms in the Gulf of Naples is fundamental to understanding the recent evolution of this perithyrrenian basin controlled by several systems of Quaternary faults and characterised by the presence of the Campi Flegrei and Somma Vesuvius volcanoes. In this paper a 1:85,000 map of the recent evolution of the Gulf of Naples coasts is presented. This cartographic product has been obtained using a compilation of previously published geoarchaeological coastal studies integrated with new field data. The morphogenetic map suggests a differential evolution of various coastal stretches over the past 2000 years driven not only by measured vertical ground movements and eustatic sea-level rise (of 1 m) but also by eruptions of Mt. Vesuvius, in particular the Plinian eruption of 79 AD and the subsequent reworking of it's products, as well as by the erosive action of the sea.

The detection and use of emitters’ signals by unintended receivers, i.e., eavesdropping, represents an important and often low-cost way for animals to gather information from their environment. Acoustic eavesdropping can be a key driver in mediating intra- and interspecific interactions (e.g., cooperation, predator–prey systems), specifically in species such as cetaceans that use sound as a primary sensory modality. While most cetacean species produce context-specific sounds, little is known about the use of those sounds by potential conspecific eavesdroppers. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that a social cetacean, Risso’s dolphin ( Grampus griseus ), is able to gather biologically relevant information by eavesdropping on conspecific sounds. We conducted playback experiments on free-ranging dolphins using three context-specific sounds stimuli and monitored their horizontal movement using visual or airborne focal follow observations. We broadcasted natural sequences of conspecific foraging sounds potentially providing an attractive dinner bell signal ( n  = 7), male social sounds simulating a risk of forthcoming agonistic interaction ( n  = 7) and female-calf social sounds representing no particularly threatening context ( n  = 7). We developed a quantitative movement response score and tested whether animals changed their direction of horizontal movement towards or away from the playback source. Dolphins approached the foraging and the social female-calf sounds whereas they avoided the social male sounds. Hence, by acoustically eavesdropping on conspecifics, dolphins can discriminate between social and behavioural contexts and anticipate potential threatening or beneficial situations. Eavesdropping and the ensuing classification of ‘friend or foe’ can thus shape intra-specific social interactions in cetaceans.

To refine the regional and global stock and ecological assessments of dolphinfish in fisheries, it is necessary to have information on the species habitat use, fisheries interaction, migration corridors, and on changes in spatial-temporal patterns over their ontogeny. In order to inform management, pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus) in the Northern East China Sea to get data on the movement patterns and habitat utilization of this species in this location. During October–November 2018, four dolphinfish (94–102 cm fork length) were captured by set-nets and PSAT tagged. Tagged dolphinfish retained PSATs for 5–31 days-at-liberty (total 69 days) and linear dispersion from deployment to pop-up locations ranged from 63 to 204 km. According to most probable tracks, tagged fish made primarily northward movements. Tagged fish reached depths of ~94 m and experienced ambient temperatures from 17.8 to 23 °C. Movements appeared to be limited by a 3 °C change relative to sea surface temperature (SST) and were confined to the mixed-layer. Diel diving patterns indicated dolphinfish spent >80% of daytime activity and 40% of nighttime activity near the surface, where variability in diving patterns was more pronounced. The vertical diving patterns showed pronounced changes during dawn and dusk, where dolphinfish mirrored the movements of diel migrating prey organisms. Our preliminary results provide vertical distribution patterns of dolphinfish in a location that supports important fisheries. This information will be useful for management to develop stock assessments which support the sustainable use of this species.

It is common to estimate underground mining-induced subsidence from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) displacement observations by Neglecting hOrizontal moVements (NOV). Such a strategy would cause large errors in the NOV-estimated subsidence. This issue was proven and the theoretical equation of the resulting errors has been deduced before. However, the systematic analysis of the error pattern (e.g., spatial distribution) and its relationship between some critical influence factors (e.g., lithology of overlying rock strata) is lacking to date. To circumvent this, a method was first presented to assess the errors of the NOV-estimated mining subsidence in this study. Then, the error pattern and the influence factors of the NOV-estimated mining subsidence were discussed. The results suggest that the errors of the NOV-estimated mining subsidence spatially follow a “peak-to-valley” shape, with an absolute “peak-to-valley angle” of 5–15°. In addition, for the same underground mining geometry, the error magnitudes of the NOV-estimated mining subsidence under hard lithology of overlying rock strata are smaller than those under soft lithology, and vice versa. These results would be beneficial to guide the scientific use of the NOV method for understanding the deformation mechanism and controlling the geohazards associated with underground mining and other similar anthropogenic activities.

Background Conserving marine predators is tantamount to maintaining functional marine ecosystems. Though intensively studied in other regions, little is known about at-sea movements and diving behaviors of a recovering population of grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus atlantica ) inhabiting northeastern United States continental shelf waters. Young-of-year grey seals may be particularly vulnerable to threats due to a lack of parental care postweaning. There is a need to establish baseline knowledge of at-sea behaviors in the face of large-scale ocean industrialization. We deployed 63 satellite relay data loggers on young-of-year grey seals to investigate postweaning at-sea movements and dive behaviors prior to the installation of offshore wind turbines. Results Young-of-year grey seals dispersed widely across the continental shelf waters. Collective utilization distributions of seals overlapped with offshore wind planning areas in the winter and spring months, and overlap was lowest in the summer when the seals dispersed northeastward. Maximum diving depth and duration increased in the first two months of nutritional independence and stabilized by April. Dives were classified as being either benthic or pelagic depending on dive depth relative to bathymetry. Seals conducted more benthic diving in the spring and this coincided spatiotemporally with habitat and phenology of an important prey species. Following a diel trend, benthic diving peaked during daylight hours, while pelagic diving occurred more frequently at night. Benthic dives occurred more frequently than pelagic dives in sandy shoals and banks. Furthermore, seals conducted more benthic than pelagic dives in wind energy planning areas. Conclusions Ours is the first comprehensive study on the horizontal movement and diving behaviors in the U.S. population of grey seals, contributing knowledge on the at-sea habits of a vulnerable demographic in relation to other anthropogenic uses of the marine environment. This information will serve as valuable input to conservation management and mitigation plans, and it contributes necessary regional context to the broader understanding of grey seal ontogeny across the North Atlantic. Furthermore, these results provide important baseline information for future comparative analyses of grey seal behavior as offshore wind development expands in scope in this region.

Superhydrophobic surfaces with arrayed pillar structures have huge application prospects in various industrial fields, such as self-cleaning, waterproofing, anti-corrosion, and anti-icing. The knowledge gap regarding the liquid–solid interaction between impacting droplets and microstructured surfaces must be addressed to guide the practical engineering applications more effectively. In this study, the effects of the stationary and horizontally moving superhydrophobic micro-pillar surfaces on the droplet impact dynamic behavioral characteristics are investigated numerically, focusing on the droplet morphology, spreading diameter, contact time, and energy conversion. Based on the numerical simulation results, new prediction correlations of the dimensionless maximum spreading diameter for droplets impacting stationary and horizontally moving micro-pillar surfaces are proposed. Moreover, significant rolling phenomena occur when droplets impact horizontally moving micro-pillar surfaces, which leads to an increase in viscous dissipation and forms a competitive mechanism with the asymmetric spreading–retraction process of the droplets. Two different stages are recognized according to the analysis of the contact time and velocity restitution coefficient. This study may provide new insights into understanding the dynamic behavior of droplets on microstructured surfaces.