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Appaloosa horses
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the unique characteristics of the spotted Appaloosa. Explains the early breeding by the Nez Perce Native Americans, the spot patterns and striped hooves, and how this fast, strong, and striking horse is used today\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Michael Alan Horrox
A Yorkshire practitioner whose expertise led him to work with a variety of species. He enjoyed involvement in a number of veterinary groups, as well as local organisations in his home town.
Journal Article
American quarter horses
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the unique characteristics of America's most popular horse breed. Explains the history of the quarter horse breed, how it performs in Western rodeo events, is suited for ranch work, and what makes this horse great for equine therapy and trail riding\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Behaviour during transportation predicts stress response and lower airway contamination in horses
This study aimed to document the effects of an eight hour journey on behavioural, clinical, haematological, environmental and respiratory parameters, and to identify possible associations between factors. Twelve horses underwent clinical examination, respiratory endoscopy with tracheal wash (TW) aspiration, and collection of venous and arterial blood before (BJ) and after the journey (AJ). TW were submitted for conventional quantitative bacteriological evaluation and genetic microbiome analyses. Behaviour was assessed in stables prior to transportation and throughout the journey. Transportation caused mild, but significant, effects on fluid and electrolyte balance and an acute phase response, characterized by neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenaemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The proportion of neutrophils in TW, tracheal mucus and TW bacterial concentration was increased AJ, with preferential replication of Pasteurellaceae. Horse behaviour en route predicted clinical and respiratory outcomes. The frequency of stress related behaviours was greatest in the first hour of the journey, and balance-related behaviours were most common in the final hour of the journey. Horses which lowered their heads less frequently en route and showed more stress-related behaviours had higher physiological stress (serum cortisol and heart rate on arrival), increased tracheal mucus and inflammation scores, and higher TW bacterial concentration AJ (P<0.05). Six horses with abnormal lung auscultation AJ proved to have had higher tracheal inflammation scores at preloading (P = 0.017), an overall higher concentration of bacteria in their TW (P = 0.013), and an increased percentage of neutrophils in TW at five days AJ (P = 0.003) in comparison to the other horses. While transport-related health problems are multifactorial, clinical examination, including auscultation and endoscopic inspection of the lower respiratory tract before and after journey, and behavioural observation en route may identify animals at increased risk of transport associated respiratory disease.
Journal Article
Development of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) Real-Time PCR for African Horse Sickness Virus Serotype 1
African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and often fatal disease caused by 9 serotypes of the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV). In March 2020, an AHS outbreak was reported in Thailand in which AHSV serotype 1 was identified as the causative agent. Trivalent live attenuated vaccines serotype 1, 3, and 4 were used in a targeted vaccination campaign within a 50-km radius surrounding the infected cases, which promptly controlled the spread of the disease. However, AHS-like symptoms in vaccinated horses required laboratory diagnostic methods to differentiate infected horses from vaccinated horses, especially for postvaccination surveillance. We describe a real-time reverse transcription PCR-based assay for rapid characterization of the affecting field strain. The development and validation of this assay should imbue confidence in differentiating AHS-vaccinated horses from nonvaccinated horses. This method should be applied to determining the epidemiology of AHSV in future outbreaks.
Journal Article
American saddlebred horses
\"This photo-illustrated book for elementary readers describes the unique characteristics of the beautiful and regal American saddlebred horse. Explains the history of the American saddlebred, how it is trained to be a gaited horse, and how it has become the \"peacock\" of the horse show ring\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Assessing the potential of plains zebra to maintain African horse sickness in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids that results in a non-tariff barrier to the trade of live equids from affected countries. AHS is endemic in South Africa except for a controlled area in the Western Cape Province (WCP) where sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past 2 decades. There is potential that the presence of zebra populations, thought to be the natural reservoir hosts for AHS, in the WCP could maintain AHS virus circulation in the area and act as a year-round source of infection for horses. However, it remains unclear whether the epidemiology or the ecological conditions present in the WCP would enable persistent circulation of AHS in the local zebra populations. Here we developed a hybrid deterministic-stochastic vector-host compartmental model of AHS transmission in plains zebra (Equus quagga), where host populations are age- and sex-structured and for which population and AHS transmission dynamics are modulated by rainfall and temperature conditions. Using this model, we showed that populations of plains zebra present in the WCP are not sufficiently large for AHS introduction events to become endemic and that coastal populations of zebra need to be >2500 individuals for AHS to persist >2 years, even if zebras are infectious for more than 50 days. AHS cannot become endemic in the coastal population of the WCP unless the zebra population involves at least 50,000 individuals. Finally, inland populations of plains zebra in the WCP may represent a risk for AHS to persist but would require populations of at least 500 zebras or show unrealistic duration of infectiousness for AHS introduction events to become endemic. Our results provide evidence that the risk of AHS persistence from a single introduction event in a given plains zebra population in the WCP is extremely low and it is unlikely to represent a long-term source of infection for local horses.
Journal Article
Horse handlers’ knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of African horse sickness in South-West, Nigeria
African horse sickness (AHS) is endemic in Nigeria. Despite this, little is known about the perspective of horse handlers in Nigeria regarding AHS. The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP) of horse handlers in Southwest Nigeria regarding AHS. A cross-sectional survey study was conducted, which involved convenient sampling of 131 horse handlers in Lagos and Oyo States by February – April 2024. The pre-validated questionnaires were administered via face-to-face interviews, covering demographics, knowledge of AHS transmission, clinical signs, prevention and control measures, attitudes towards severity and preventability, and perceptions of AHS risk and impact. Numeric scoring categorized KAP levels as satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Data analysis used descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Result showed majority were early adults aged 20–39 years (63.4%,
n
= 83), highest level of education was secondary school (47.3%,
n
= 62), and most had more than 4 years of experience handling horses (83.2%,
n
= 109). Higher knowledge levels were associated with being from Lagos State (AOR = 851.4, 95% CI = 39.8-18215.2,
p
= 0.00), having more experience (AOR = 50.0, 95% CI = 2.7-925.9,
p
= 0.00), and owning larger herds (AOR = 31.6, 95%CI = 3.1-327.5,
p
= 0.00). Satisfactory attitudes and perceptions towards AHS prevention and control was exhibited by 98.5%. While knowledge gaps exist, the positive attitudes and perceptions present opportunities for enhancing AHS awareness and control strategies among this population of horse handlers. Future research should focus on developing and evaluating targeted interventions to address the identified knowledge gaps and maintain the positive attitudes and perceptions observed in this study.
Journal Article