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Tissue culture in science and society : the public life of a biological technique in twentieth century Britain
\"This book charts the social and cultural history of the scientific technique known as \"tissue culture.\" It shows how tissue culture was a regular public presence in twentieth-century Britain, and argues that history can contribute to current debates surrounding research on human and animal tissue\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes
We investigated SARS-CoV-2 potential tropism by surveying expression of viral entry-associated genes in single-cell RNA-sequencing data from multiple tissues from healthy human donors. We co-detected these transcripts in specific respiratory, corneal and intestinal epithelial cells, potentially explaining the high efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. These genes are co-expressed in nasal epithelial cells with genes involved in innate immunity, highlighting the cells’ potential role in initial viral infection, spread and clearance. The study offers a useful resource for further lines of inquiry with valuable clinical samples from COVID-19 patients and we provide our data in a comprehensive, open and user-friendly fashion at
www.covid19cellatlas.org
.
An analysis of single-cell transcriptomics datasets from different tissues shows that
ACE2
and
TMPRSS2
are co-expressed in respiratory, corneal and intestinal epithelial cell populations, and that respiratory expression of
ACE2
is associated with genes involved in innate immunity.
Journal Article
A human PCLS model of lung injury and repair for discovery and pharmaceutical research
Background
The Acid Injury and Repair (AIR) model is an ex-vivo model of lung injury and repair, that was previously established using mouse precision-cut lung slices (PCLS). The AIR model provides a bridge between the current in -vitro and in-vivo models to study the effects of lung injury in 3D lung tissue slices. Here, we show that the AIR model can be adapted for use in human tissue as a translational model for discovery research and drug screening.
Methods
To generate PCLS, resected human lung tissue was coated with alginate hydrogel to form an artificial pleura. Lung tissue was inflated by point injecting 3% agarose, followed by generation of 450–500 µM thick slices of tissue. An isolated area of each slice was injured by brief application of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. AIR-PCLS were then washed and cultured for 48 h before immunostaining to assess proliferating cells (Ki67) alveolar type II/progenitor cell markers (HTII, proSP-C), lipofibroblasts (ADRP) and endothelial cells (ERG). Viability of PCLS was assessed by both MTT assay and Live/Dead staining.
Results
We show that levels of proliferation do not change in response to acid injury. However, there is a significant increase in the percentage of proSP-C and HTII positive cells in the injured regions of AIR-PCLS. We also identify non-epithelial cell populations; lipofibroblasts and endothelial cells in human AIR-PCLS, to demonstrate that other repair relevant cell types can be identified and tracked in the human AIR (hAIR model).
Conclusions
The hAIR model is an effective ex-vivo tool to study early mechanisms of lung repair following injury. By establishing an area of injured tissue adjacent to uninjured tissue, this model mimics the heterogenous pattern of lung injury frequently present in lung diseases. The hAIR model will facilitate mechanistic studies of human lung repair and provides a valuable pre-clinical model for drug testing.
Journal Article
Postmortem distribution of isotonitazene and its three metabolites in the first lethal case observed in France
Isotonitazene (IZN) is a potent synthetic opioid associated with a growing number of fatal intoxications worldwide. Despite its increasing presence in forensic cases, postmortem data regarding the distribution of IZN and its metabolites in human tissues remain limited.
We report the first documented case of fatal IZN intoxication in France, involving a 39-year-old man with a history of heroin use. Comprehensive postmortem toxicological analysis was conducted using a LC-MS/MS quantification method. Quantification of IZN and its three active metabolites: N-desethyl-isotonitazene, 4’hydroxy-nitazene, and 5-amino-isotonitazene was performed in multiple matrices, including blood, urine, bile, and solid organs.
IZN was detected in femoral and cardiac blood, with concentrations of 1.20 ng/mL and 1.74 ng/mL, respectively. High concentrations were observed in the heart (20 ng/g), lungs (32.6 ng/g), and brain (7.9 ng/g), consistent with marked postmortem redistribution. Active metabolites showed variable distribution: N-desethyl isotonitazene was detected in lung tissue and brain, 5-amino isotonitazene in both brain and lungs, while 4’-hydroxy-nitazene appeared to be predominantly eliminated via the biliary route. A high concentration of IZN at the injection site (343.2 ng/mL) indicated intravenous administration. Ethanol and cetirizine were also present at non-lethal concentrations.
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported fatal IZN intoxication with comprehensive postmortem analysis, including quantification of active metabolites in solid organs. The case is marked by low peripheral blood levels, extensive redistribution, and selective tissue accumulation. Active metabolites: N-desethyl IZN, 4′-hydroxy-nitazene, and 5-amino IZN showed distinct distribution and elimination profiles. These findings highlight the high potency, rapid metabolism, and complex toxicokinetic of IZN.
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•First toxicokinetic investigation of isotonitazene and its metabolites in post-mortem samples.•Very low blood concentration of isotonitazene can be lethal.•Isotonitazene undergoes rapidly metabolism to pharmacologically active metabolites.•Accumulation of isotonitazene and its active metabolites occurs in vital organs such as the brain, heart, and lungs.
Journal Article
Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates
This paper explores the interaction of 5G mmWave energy, specifically at frequencies above 24 GHz, with human tissues. It examines frequencies essential to 5G, including 24, 30, 35, 40, and 45 GHz, focusing on the skin, cornea, and enamel as candidates for investigation. The eye is particularly susceptible due to its surface location on the human body. Findings reveal that the penetration depth in the eye decreases from 7.331 µm at 24 GHz to 4.065 µm at 45 GHz, with the percentage of cornea tissue penetrated decreasing from 1.2 to 0.6% with frequencies. This result is unprecedented in existing literature. The results confirm that mmWaves do not penetrate beyond the cornea, emphasizing their surface-level effect on eye tissues. Another novel finding indicates that mmWaves attenuate entirely at the enamel, not affecting deeper dental structures, and significantly diminish at the skin’s epidermis without reaching the dermis, suggesting minimal penetration into deeper tissue layers. These discoveries introduce new, previously unreported data into the current research literature. Computational graphics for relative permittivity and conductivity versus frequency for the skin, cornea, and tooth enamel were generated. The resulting profiles are consistent with existing literature for other tissues, enhancing the reliability of the findings. Additionally, specific absorption rate values, computed using electric field measurements with an SMP2 meter at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz, comply with the US Federal Communication Commission's SAR specifications of 1.6 W/kg.
Journal Article
Collagen and Beyond: A Comprehensive Comparison of Human ECM Properties Derived from Various Tissue Sources for Regenerative Medicine Applications
Collagen, along with proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and various growth factors, forms the extracellular matrix (ECM) and contributes to the complexity and diversity of different tissues. Herein, we compared the physicochemical and biological properties of ECM hydrogels derived from four different human tissues: skin, bone, fat, and birth. Pure human collagen type I hydrogels were used as control. Physical characterization of ECM hydrogels and assessment of cell response of cord-tissue mesenchymal stem cells (CMSCs) were performed. Decellularization efficiency was found to be >90% for all ECM. Hydroxyproline quantification assay showed that collagen content in birth ECM was comparable to collagen control and significantly greater than other sources of ECM. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed the presence of γ, β, α1 and α2 collagen chains in all ECMs. Gelation kinetics of ECM hydrogels was significantly slower than collagen control. Compressive modulus of skin ECM was the highest and birth ECM was the lowest. Skin and birth ECM hydrogels were more stable than bone and fat ECM hydrogels. CMSCs encapsulated in birth ECM hydrogels exhibited the highest metabolic activity. Rheological characterization revealed that all ECM-derived inks exhibited shear thinning properties, and skin-derived ECM inks were most suitable for extrusion-based bioprinting for the concentration and printing conditions used in this study. Overall, results demonstrate that the physicochemical and biological properties of ECM hydrogels vary significantly depending on the tissue source. Therefore, careful selection of tissue source is important for development of ECM-based biomimetic tissue constructs for regenerative medicine applications.
Journal Article
A heuristic model to evaluate the dielectric properties of human tissues at microwave band based on water and solid content
At the molecular level, the body is composed, on average, of water for 62%, fat for 15%, 17% of protein, and 6% of minerals. In this work, we propose a heuristic methodology using hydration models as a base to realize an automatic and noninvasive procedure to estimate an ad hoc map of the complex dielectric permittivity of a generic human tissue in the frequency range of microwaves based on their solid and water content.
Journal Article
Evidence for an accumulation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in human tissues: a re-evaluation of biopsy and autopsy data
Consumers are exposed to mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) e.g. through foodstuffs and cosmetics. Upon ingestion, MOH follow the absorption pathway of dietary lipids. Analytical chemistry has revealed the presence of the main fraction, designated as mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH), in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), liver, spleen, and adipose tissue. Recent results from animal studies raised concerns about a long-term, possibly irreversible accumulation of some MOSH in humans. To address this issue, we performed a statistical re-analysis of published biopsy and autopsy data regarding the age-dependence of MOSH levels in human tissue. MOSH concentrations in MLNs and adipose tissue showed a 1.2–1.4-fold increase per decade, pointing to very long-term accumulation in both tissues. There was no evidence for age-dependent MOSH concentrations in liver and spleen. There was no sex difference in the MOSH concentrations in MLNs, suggesting a similar oral exposure for men and women. On average, women had a 2.2–2.5-fold higher MOSH concentration in the liver, spleen and adipose tissue compared to men. This finding may point to a sex difference in metabolism, in line with animal data. The use of certain cosmetics was a relevant predictor in addition to age. Women that used cosmetics like lipstick, hand cream, and sun cream had an average 2.1-fold higher MOSH concentration in abdominal subcutaneous fat than non-users.
Journal Article
A Tactile Device Generating Repulsive Forces of Various Human Tissues Fabricated from Magnetic-Responsive Fluid in Porous Polyurethane
In this study, a controllable tactile device capable of realizing repulsive forces from soft human tissues was proposed, and its effectiveness was verified through experimental tests. The device was fabricated using both porous polyurethane foam (PPF) and smart magnetorheological fluid (MRF). As a first step, the microstructural behavior of MRF particle chains that depended on the magnetic field was examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test samples were then fabricated after analyzing the magnetic field distribution, which was crucial for the formation of the particle chains under the squeeze mode operation. In the fabrication of the samples, MRF was immersed into the porous polyurethane foam and encapsulated by adhesive tape to avoid leakage. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed tactile device for appropriate stiffness of soft human tissues such as liver, the repulsive force and relaxation stress were measured and discussed as a function of the magnetic field intensity. In addition, the effectiveness and practical applicability of the proposed tactile device have been validated through the psychophysical test.
Journal Article