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Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) that retain the characteristics of the SLN, improve drug stability and loading capacity, and prevent drug leakage. Polymer nanoparticles (PNPs) are an important component of drug delivery. These nanoparticles can effectively direct drug delivery to specific targets and improve drug stability and controlled drug release. Lipid–polymer nanoparticles (PLNs), a new type of carrier that combines liposomes and polymers, have been employed in recent years. These nanoparticles possess the complementary advantages of PNPs and liposomes. A PLN is composed of a core–shell structure; the polymer core provides a stable structure, and the phospholipid shell offers good biocompatibility. As such, the two components increase the drug encapsulation efficiency rate, facilitate surface modification, and prevent leakage of water-soluble drugs. Hence, we have reviewed the current state of development for the NLCs’, PNPs’, and PLNs’ structures, preparation, and applications over the past five years, to provide the basis for further study on a controlled release drug delivery system.

Prostate cancer (PC) has the highest prevalence in men and accounts for a high rate of neoplasia-related death. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the most widely used anti-neoplastic drugs for prostate cancer among others. However, it has low specificity and many side effects and affects normal cells. More recently, there have been newly developed drug delivery tools which are graphene or graphene-based, used to increase the specificity of the delivered drug molecules. The graphene derivatives possess both π-π stacking and increased hydrophobicity, factors that increase the likelihood of drug delivery. Despite this, the hydrophilicity of graphene remains problematic, as it induced problems with stability. For this reason, the use of a chitosan coating remains one way to modify the surface features of graphene. In this investigation, a hybrid nanoparticle that consisted of a DOX-loaded reduced graphene oxide that is stabilized with chitosan (rGOD-HNP) was developed. The newly developed rGOD-HNP demonstrated high biocompatibility and efficiency in entrapping DOX (~65%) and releasing it in a controlled manner (~50% release in 48 h). Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that rGOD-HNP can intracellularly deliver DOX and more specifically in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. This delivery tool offers a feasible and viable method to deliver DOX photo-thermally in the treatment of prostate cancer.

The renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Identifying novel and more effective therapies, while minimizing toxicity, continues to be fundamental in curtailing RCC. Rutin, a bioflavonoid widely found in nature, has shown promising anticancer properties, but with limited applicability due to its poor water solubility and pharmacokinetics. Thus, the potential anticancer effects of rutin toward a human renal cancer cell line (786-O), while considering its safety in Vero kidney cells, was assessed, as well as the applicability of ionic liquids (ILs) to improve drug delivery. Rutin (up to 50 µM) did not show relevant cytotoxic effects in Vero cells. However, in 786-O cells, a significant decrease in cell viability was already observed at 50 µM. Moreover, exposure to rutin caused a significant increase in the sub-G1 population of 786-O cells, reinforcing the possible anticancer activity of this biomolecule. Two choline-amino acid ILs, at non-toxic concentrations, enhanced rutin's solubility/loading while allowing the maintenance of rutin's anticancer effects. Globally, our findings suggest that rutin may have a beneficial impact against RCC and that its combination with ILs ensures that this poorly soluble drug is successfully incorporated into ILs-nanoparticles hybrid systems, allowing controlled drug delivery.

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel lipid-polymer hybrid drug carrier comprised of folate (FA) modified lipid-shell and polymer-core nanoparticles (FLPNPs) for sustained, controlled, and targeted delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). The core-shell NPs consist of 1) a poly(ε-caprolactone) hydrophobic core based on self-assembly of poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL-PEG-PCL) amphiphilic copolymers, 2) a lipid monolayer formed with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000), 3) a targeting ligand (FA) on the surface, and were prepared using a thin-film hydration and ultrasonic dispersion method. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering analysis confirmed the coating of the lipid monolayer on the hydrophobic polymer core. Physicochemical characterizations of PTX-loaded FLPNPs, such as particle size and size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, drug loading content, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release, were also evaluated. Fluorescent microscopy proved the internalization efficiency and targeting ability of the folate conjugated on the lipid monolayer for the EMT6 cancer cells which overexpress folate receptor. In vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of PTX-loaded FLPNPs was lower than that of Taxol(®), but higher than that of PTX-loaded LPNPs (without folate conjugation). In EMT6 breast tumor model, intratumoral administration of PTX-loaded FLPNPs showed similar antitumor efficacy but low toxicity compared to Taxol(®). More importantly, PTX-loaded FLPNPs showed greater tumor growth inhibition (65.78%) than the nontargeted PTX-loaded LPNPs (48.38%) (P<0.05). These findings indicated that the PTX loaded-FLPNPs with mixed lipid monolayer shell and biodegradable polymer core would be a promising nanosized drug formulation for tumor-targeted therapy.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Drug resistance is the major barrier for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this research is to develop an aptamer-decorated hybrid nanoparticle for the co-delivery of docetaxel prodrug (DTXp) and cisplatin (DDP) and to treat lung cancer. Aptamer-conjugated lipid-polymer ligands and redox-sensitive docetaxel prodrug were synthesized. DTXp and DDP were loaded into the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNs). The targeted efficiency of aptamer-decorated, DTXp and DDP co-encapsulated LPHNs (APT-DTXp/DDP-LPHNs) was determined by performing a cell uptake assay by flow cytometry-based analysis. In vivo biodistribution and anticancer efficiency of APT-DTXp/DDP-LPHNs were evaluated on NSCLC-bearing mice xenograft. APT-DTXp/DDP-LPHNs had a particle size of 213.5 ± 5.3 nm, with a zeta potential of 15.9 ± 1.9 mV. APT-DTXp/DDP-LPHNs exhibited a significantly enhanced cytotoxicity (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition was 0.71 ± 0.09 μg/mL), synergy antitumor effect (combination index was 0.62), and profound tumor inhibition ability (tumor inhibition ratio of 81.4%) compared with the non-aptamer-decorated LPHNs and single drug-loaded LPHNs. Since the synergistic effect of the drugs was found in this system, it would have great potential to inhibit lung tumor cells and in vivo tumor growth.

Plumbagin, a naphthoquinone extracted from the officinal leadwort presenting promising anti-cancer properties, has its therapeutic potential limited by its inability to reach tumors in a specific way at a therapeutic concentration following systemic injection. The purpose of this study is to assess whether a novel tumor-targeted, lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle formulation of plumbagin would suppress the growth of B16-F10 melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Novel lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles entrapping plumbagin and conjugated with transferrin, whose receptors are present in abundance on many cancer cells, have been developed. Their cellular uptake, anti-proliferative and apoptosis efficacy were assessed on various cancer cell lines in vitro. Their therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in vivo after tail vein injection to mice bearing B16-F10 melanoma tumors. The transferrin-bearing lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles loaded with plumbagin resulted in the disappearance of 40% of B16-F10 tumors and regression of 10% of the tumors following intravenous administration. They were well tolerated by the mice. These therapeutic effects, therefore, make transferrin-bearing lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles entrapping plumbagin a highly promising anti-cancer nanomedicine.

In this study, a simple, safe and cost-effective method was developed for fabricating the tungsten disulfide/carbon nanotube (WS2/CNT) hybrid nanoparticles via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Hybrid nanoparticles used for reinforcing the aluminum matrix. The hybrid nanocomposites were prepared by powder metallurgy processing and consolidated by the Hot-Pressing process. The chemical composition and morphology of the WS2/CNT hybrid particles were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), filed emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectra, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The results proved that the uniform, pure and tubular WS2/ CNT hybrid nanoparticles were produced and WS2 nanoparticles were decorated the CNT surface successfully. Optical microscopy (OM) and FESEM used for characterization of the microstructure of hybrid nanocomposite, indicate a good distribution of hybrid nanoparticles in the aluminum matrix. Maximum values of relative density, hardness and compressive strength were measured for sample with WS2/CNT ratio of 1:1. A relative density of more than 99.5% was obtained for this sample. Hardness and compressive strength were improved by 43% and 60% compared with pure aluminum respectively.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most common ischemic heart diseases. It is very essential to explore new types of cardioprotective drugs delivery systems in this area. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of baicalin (BA) and puerarin (PU) against acute MI rat models. BA and PU co-loaded nanoparticulate system were developed to improve bioavailability of the drugs, to prolong retention time in vivo and to enhance the protective effect. In the present study, ANP and TPP contained ligands were synthesized. ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs were prepared and its physico-chemical properties were evaluated. The MI therapy efficiency of ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs was assessed in rats after intravenous injection. Single ligand contained LPNs, no ligand contained LPNs, and BN solution formulations were also prepared and used for the comparison. ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs were uniform and spheroidal particles. The size of ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs was 98.5 ± 2.9 nm, with a zeta potential of -19.5 ± 1.9 mV. The dual ligands modified LPNs exhibited significantly improved therapeutic efficiency compared with the single ligand modified LPNs and other systems. In vivo infarct therapy studies in rats proved that ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs were a promising system for efficient delivery of cardiovascular drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. ANP/TPP-BN-LPNs could be used as a long-circulating and heart-targeting drug delivery system.

The current work investigated the mass and heat transfer of the MHD hybrid nanofluid flow subject to the impact of activation energy and cluster interfacial nanolayer. The heat transport processes related to the interfacial nanolayer between nanoparticles and base fluids enhanced the base fluid’s thermal conductivity. The tiny particles of Fe3O4 and PPy were considered due to the extraordinary thermal conductivity which is of remarkable significance in nanotechnology, electronic devices, and modern shaped heat exchangers. Using the similarity approach, the governing higher-order nonlinear coupled partial differential equation was reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Fe3O4–PPy hybrid nanoparticles have a considerable influence on thermal performance, and when compared to non-interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity, the interfacial nanolayer thermal conductivity model produced substantial findings. The increase in nanolayer thickness from level 1 to level 5 had a significant influence on thermal performance improvement. Further, the heat and mass transfer rate was enhanced with higher input values of interfacial nanolayer thickness.

Introduction: In the pharmaceutical industry, liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles are the two most commonly studied delivery vehicles. A new technique uses lipid-polymeric hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) with a polymeric core, and a shell made up of lipid-lipid-PEG lipids. They have properties which complement polymer nanoparticles and liposomes, and they have the potential to improve the physical stability and biocompatibility of the active pharmaceutical ingredient encapsulated in them. Evaporating the solvent from a dual-phase solution containing lipid and polymer is one of the most effective methods for producing the lipid polymeric hybrid nanoparticles. The LPHNPs applications has also been significantly expanded to include combinational and active targeted drug delivery, as well as delivery of genetic materials, vaccines, and diagnostic imaging agents, in addition to single drug delivery for anticancer therapy, like Glioblastoma. Main goal: The main agenda of this compilation was to address the effects of LPHNPs on Glioblastoma treatment. This compilation also highlights some of the formulation techniques and issues that arise during the preparation of LPHNPs. This review also discusses recent developments in core-shell lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, which were conferred in considerable detail later in this article. Conclusion: The main issue which arises while using nanoparticles with polymer is entrapment efficiency. Because of their hybrid components, LPHNPs have proven to solve this problem to a large extent. The recent research trends suggest that lipid polymeric hybrid nanoparticles will prove to be highly effective or productive in treating diseases such as Glioblastoma.