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This paper presents a design and implementation of an automated smart hydroponics system using internet of things. The challenges to be solved with this system are the increasing food demand in the world, the need of market of new sustainable method of farming using the Internet of Things. The design was implemented using NodeMcu, Node Red, MQTT and sensors that were chosen during component selection based on required parameters and sending it to the cloud to monitor and be processed. Investigation on previous works done and a review of Internet of Things and Hydroponic systems were done. First the prototype was constructed, programmed and tested, as well as sensors data between two different environments were taken and monitored on cloud-based web page with mobile application. Moreover, a bot has been introduced to control the supply chain and for notification purposes. The system improved its performance and allows it to successfully achieve the aim of the entire system implemented. There are some limitations which can be improved as future work such as including data science with the usage of the artificial intelligence to further improve the crops and get better outcome. Lastly to design end user platform to ease user interaction by using attractive design with no technical configuration involved.

Rapid development of hydroponic farming which is soilless cultivation method of growing plant using mineral nutrient solution dissolved in water produces large amount of wastewater rich in nutrients and organic matters thus imposes great harms to human and environment, if the waste nutrient solution is not correctly treated. The objective of this review is to present information concerning hydroponic systems, including: the different classes and methods of operation; advantages and drawbacks and the recent approaches and development in hydroponic wastewater treatments. Particular emphasis has been placed on removal of root exudates from reused waste nutrient solution in closed system. The reviewed technologies for nutrient removal or recovery include denitrification, microalgae cultivation, constructed wetlands and activated carbon methods. The alternatives byproducts i.e. biogas as agriculture fertilizer for hydroponic cultivation to attain sustainable agriculture was further highlighted. In addition, current challenges and future prospects in this field are carried out. About 118 published studies are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that activated carbon is the most frequently studied for the nutrient recovery of hydroponic wastewater.

The urgent need to increase the sustainability of crop production has pushed the agricultural sector towards the use of biostimulants based on natural products. The current work aimed to determine whether the preharvest application of two commercial formulations, based on a Fabaceae enzymatic hydrolysate or a blend of nitrogen sources including fulvic acids, and two lab-made aqueous extracts from Moringa oleifera leaves (MLEs), could improve yield, quality, and storability of lettuce grown in a hydroponic system, as compared to an untreated control. Lettuce plants treated with the MLEs showed significantly improved quality parameters (leaf number, area, and color), total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and resistance against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, comparable to that obtained with commercial formulates, particularly those based on the protein hydrolysate. A difference between the M. oleifera extracts was observed, probably due to the different compositions. Although further large-scale trials are needed, the tested MLEs seem a promising safe and effective preharvest means to improve lettuce agronomic and quality parameters and decrease susceptibility to rots.

Plants have evolved two major strategies to cope with phosphate (Pi) limitation. The systemic response, mainly comprising increased Pi uptake and metabolic adjustments for more efficient Pi use, and the local response, enabling plants to explore Pi-rich soil patches by reorganization of the root system architecture. Unlike previous reports, this study focused on root exudation controlled by the local response to Pi deficiency. To approach this, a hydroponic system separating the local and systemic responses was developed. Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes exhibiting distinct sensitivities to Pi deficiency could be clearly distinguished by their root exudate composition as determined by non-targeted reversed-phase ultraperformance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolite profiling. Compared with wild-type plants or insensitive low phosphate root 1 and 2 (lpr1 lpr2) double mutant plants, the hypersensitive phosphate deficiency response 2 (pdr2) mutant exhibited a reduced number of differential features in root exudates after Pi starvation, suggesting the involvement of PDR2-encoded P5-type ATPase in root exudation. Identification and analysis of coumarins revealed common and antagonistic regulatory pathways between Pi and Fe deficiencyinduced coumarin secretion. The accumulation of oligolignols in root exudates after Pi deficiency was inversely correlated with Pi starvation-induced lignification at the root tips. The strongest oligolignol accumulation in root exudates was observed for the insensitive lpr1 lpr2 double mutant, which was accompanied by the absence of Pi deficiency-induced lignin deposition, suggesting a role of LPR ferroxidases in lignin polymerization during Pi starvation.

The Mediterranean basin is a biodiversity hotspot of wild edible species, and their therapeutic and culinary uses have long been documented. Owing to the growing demand for wild edible species, there are increasing concerns about the safety, standardization, quality, and availability of products derived from these species collected in the wild. An efficient cultivation method for the species having promising nutraceutical values is highly desirable. In this backdrop, a hydroponic system could be considered as a reproducible and efficient agronomic practice to maximize yield, and also to selectively stimulate the biosynthesis of targeted metabolites. The aim of this report is to review the phytochemical and toxic compounds of some potentially interesting Mediterranean wild edible species. Herein, after a deep analysis of the literature, information on the main bioactive compounds, and some possibly toxic molecules, from fifteen wild edible species have been compiled. The traditional recipes prepared with these species are also listed. In addition, preliminary data about the performance of some selected species are also reported. In particular, germination tests performed on six selected species revealed that there are differences among the species, but not with crop species. “Domestication” of wild species seems a promising approach for exploiting these “new functional foods”.

Iodine deficiency is a serious world-wide public health problem, as it is responsible for mental retardation and other diseases. The use of iodine-biofortified vegetables represents a strategic alternative to iodine enriched salt for people with a low sodium diet. However, at high concentrations iodine can be toxic to plants. Therefore, research on plant iodine toxicity is fundamental for the development of appropriate biofortification protocols. In this work, we compared two cultivars of sweet basil ( L.) with different iodine tolerance: \"Tigullio,\" less tolerant, with green leaves, and \"Red Rubin,\" more tolerant and with purple leaves. Four greenhouse hydroponic experiments were conducted in spring and in summer with different concentrations of iodine in the nutrient solution (0.1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μM), supplied as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO ). Plant growth was not affected either by 10 μM KI or by 100 μM KIO , while KI concentrations higher than 50 μM significantly reduced leaf area, total plant dry matter and plant height. The severity of symptoms increased with time depending on the cultivar and the form of iodine applied. Growth inhibition by toxic iodine concentrations was more severe in \"Tigullio\" than in \"Red Rubin,\" and KI was much more phytotoxic than KIO . Leaf iodine concentration increased with the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution in both varieties, while the total antioxidant power was generally higher in the purple variety. In both basil cultivars, a strong negative correlation was found between the photosynthesis and the leaf iodine content, with significant differences between the regression lines for \"Tigullio\" and \"Red Rubin.\" In conclusion, the greater tolerance to iodine of the \"Red Rubin\" variety was associated with the ability to withstand higher concentrations of iodine in leaf tissues, rather than to a reduced accumulation of this element in the leaves. The high phenolic content of \"Red Rubin\" could contribute to the iodine tolerance of this purple cultivar.

Hydroponic cultivation is a promising alternative that could address environmental and food issues. Hydroponic cultivation allows farmers to reduce the amount of fertilizers and water. Moreover, accurate monitoring of nutrient levels allows to optimize crop growth. For that, researchers have designed ion-selective electrodes as sensors and the internet of things for precise monitoring. Here we review the application of ion-selective electrodes in monitoring hydroponic solutions with focus on parameters, sensitivity, accuracy and the internet of things. We found that the targeted concentrations of nitrate and potassium are successfully maintained with errors of less than 10 mg L−1 by using polyvinyl chloride membrane based on ion-selective electrodes. Calcium electrodes show less sensitivity in detection of calcium ions in hydroponic solutions. Regular calibration sequence solved the stability issue of ion-selective electrodes. Compared to carbon nanotube-based ion-selective electrodes, the best results for sensing nitrates were obtained with polyvinyl chloride ion-selective membranes.

Background There is little information on the effect of nutrient solutions composition on Arabidopsis growth. Therefore, we compared growth performance of Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) grown on the most commonly used nutrient solutions in deep water culture: Hoagland and Arnon, Murashige and Skoog, Tocquin, Hermans, and Conn. In addition to these nutrient solution composition experiments, we established Arabidopsis growth response curves for nutrient solution concentration and salt stress (NaCl). Results Arabidopsis rosette fresh and dry weight showed an approximate linear decline with NaCl dose in deep water culture, i.e. 9% reduction relative to control per unit of electrical conductivity (EC in dS m −1 , for scale comprehension 1 dS m −1 equals ~ 10 mM NaCl). The Tocquin, ½Hoagland and Conn nutrient solutions had equal and optimal growth performance. Optimal nutrient solution concentration for Tocquin and Hoagland was 0.8 to 0.9 dS m −1 . Close to the EC of ½Hoagland (1.1 dS m −1 ), which is frequently used in Arabidopsis research. Conn solution showed optimal growth at much higher EC (2 dS m −1 ) indicating that it is a balanced nutrient solution that matches the needs of Arabidopsis. Full Murashige and Skoog solution (5.9 dS m −1 ) was lethal and diluted solutions (EC of 1.6 and 1.1 dS m −1 ) caused stress symptoms and severe growth retardation at later developmental stages. Conclusions Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) plants grown in deep water culture showed a sixfold growth difference when commonly used nutrient solutions were compared. Murashige and Skoog solution should not be used as nutrient solution in deep water culture. Conn, Tocquin and ½Hoagland are balanced nutrient solutions which result in optimal Arabidopsis growth in hydroponic systems.

Vertical farming methods are gaining importance in the current era of urbanization and industrialization 5.0. These methods of farming enhance sustainability by consuming less space and reducing carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) offers greater environmental sustainability by switching to a dormant mode while not in use, thereby consuming less energy. Each farming method has a different effect on the shoot and root growth of the plants. Thus, dedicated farming methods must be identified for each crop according to the type of crop under consideration. This leads to a need to compare and analyze the root as well as shoot growth trends of crops in different cultivation mediums, using different cultivation methods, thereby identifying the most suitable method for the cultivation of the crop. A comparative analysis of barley shoot and root growth in green IoT-embedded hydroponics and substrate cultivation methods has shown that hydroponics exhibits two times more shoot growth than substrate cultivation. Furthermore, the results were verified against the results obtained from the simulator, which confirmed that the hydroponic method of cultivation produced a year-round qualitative product with 17.112 tons of biomass and 8.556 tons of dry yield.

The study was conducted in October 2023 in the hydroponic device at one of the private farms located in Wasit Governorate, Suwaira District, which lies within the coordinates of 32.92° N latitude and 44.77° E longitude. The aim was to investigate the effect of the optimal concentration of the biofertilizer Fulzyme, the best barley cultivar, as well as the optimal combination between barley cultivars and biofertilizer in the hydroponic device. The experiment was implemented using a factorial arrangement following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was the concentrations of the biofertilizer Fulzyme at 0, 1, 2, and 3 kg. micrograms seed-1, while the second factor included the barley cultivars Ibaa265, Ibaa99, Bohooth244, and the local cultivar. Planting was carried out in plastic plates with dimensions of 30 x 20 cm, divided into 4 sections representing the experimental units. The results showed the superiority of the 3 kg. micrograms seed-1 concentration in the following traits: plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight, nitrogen percentage, protein percentage, and fiber percentage, which reached 18.87 cm, 7.43 cm, 11.61 kg m-2, 4.38 kg m-2, 4.58%, 25.21%, and 9.75%, respectively. However, the 2 kg. micrograms seed-1 concentration surpassed the other concentrations in the carbohydrate percentage, which reached 26.30%. Meanwhile, the Ibaa99 cultivar exhibited the highest average for plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight, reaching 18.65 cm, 6.96 cm, 10.08 kg m-2, and 3.55 kg m-2, respectively. Additionally, there was an increase in the average quality traits, with a nitrogen percentage of 3.99%, a protein percentage of 21.95%, and a carbohydrate percentage of 23.55%. Furthermore, the interaction treatment of 3 kg. micrograms seed-1 with the Ibaa99 cultivar produced the highest average for root length (9.07 cm), fresh weight (13.53 kg m-2), dry weight (5.50 kg m-2), nitrogen percentage (5.40%), and protein percentage (29.70%). From these results, it can be concluded that adding biofertilizers, including Fulzyme, when planting barley seeds in the hydroponic device is necessary, as they have an effective impact on increasing yield while maintaining environmental sustainability.