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\"Orioles are beloved backyard birds; theyre always looking for something sweet to eat. In this volume, future birders will learn abo ut the many kinds of orioles and even take a trip to a Baltimore Orioles baseball game\"-- Provided by publisher.

Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is one of the most common conditions for neonate inpatients. Indonesia faces a major challenge in which different guidelines regarding the management of this condition were present. This study aimed to compare the existing guidelines regarding prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring in order to create the best recommendation for a new hyperbilirubinemia guideline in Indonesia. Methods:  Through an earlier survey regarding adherence to the neonatal hyperbilirubinemia guideline, we identified that three main guidelines are being used in Indonesia. These were developed by the Indonesian Pediatric Society (IPS), the Ministry of Health (MoH), and  World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, we compared factors such as prevention, monitoring, methods for identifying, risk factors in the development of neonatal jaundice, risk factors that increase brain damage, and intervention treatment threshold in the existing guidelines to determine the best recommendations for a new guideline. Results: The MoH and WHO guidelines allow screening and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia based on visual examination (VE) only. Compared with the MoH and WHO guidelines, risk assessment is comprehensively discussed in the IPS guideline. The MoH guideline recommends further examination of an icteric baby to ensure that the mother has enough milk without measuring the bilirubin level. The MoH guideline recommends referring the baby when it looks yellow on the soles and palms. The WHO and IPS guidelines recommend combining VE with an objective measurement of transcutaneous or serum bilirubin. The threshold to begin phototherapy in the WHO guideline is lower than the IPS guideline while the exchange transfusion threshold in both guidelines are comparably equal. Conclusions: The MoH guideline is outdated. MoH and IPS guidelines are causing differences in approaches to the management hyperbilirubinemia. A new, uniform guideline is required.

HLA antibodies are considered to be of no clinical significance in transfusion practice. We report a case of woman who experienced an acute haemolytic transfusion reaction due to HLA antibodies, which has previously been described only in 3 cases. A 68-year-old-woman diagnosed of refractary anaemia with weakness, dizziness Hb level 5.0g/dL). After of 3 units transfused, the patient developed a haemolytic transfusion reaction with fever, chills, nausea, dark orine and icterus. Direct antiglobulin test negative with anti-IgG and within detected irregular antibodies. Testing for RBC antibodies (alo or auto) showed only anti-HLA antibodies by CDC (anti-A11 and -B35). Crossmatch (CM) by CDC of the patient's serum and donors's cells were negative except 1 donor who was positive and had A11 and B35. HLA typing showed that sons and husband had A11 and B35 mismatches with the patient and CMs of the patient's serum and husband's and son's cells were positive. Thus, sensitization was caused by exposure to paternal HLA antigens and possibly reactivated by the incompatible donor who had A11 and B35. All transfused units later have been selected by compatibility (ausence of sensitized antigens), negative flow cytometry and CDC CMs, high dosis IVIGs infusion and, at the present moment, the patient is asymptomatic (follow-up 1 year). Other 4 antibodies have been detected anti-A1, -B8, -K and -C. We think that an investigation for HLA alloantibodies should be performed in all patients who experience an unexplained haemolytic transfusion reaction and when RBC-specific antibodies are not found to be the etiology.

A recent study of New World orioles (Icterus spp.), which traced a large number of plumage characters onto a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny, reported high frequencies of evolutionary convergence and reversal of plumage characters . Although those results are consistent with other smaller scale studies that have documented plumage homoplasy, the mitochondrial genome is inherited as a single linkage group, so mitochondrial data represent only one gene tree. The mitochondrial (mt) DNA tree may not reflect the true evolutionary history of a lineage; therefore, it remains possible that the plumage characters could reflect the true species phylogeny. Other rapidly evolving regions of DNA can provide independent phylogenetic hypotheses useful for evaluating mitochondrial gene trees. A novel phylogenetic marker, a region of the nuclear gene ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) spanning from exon 6 to exon 8, was sequenced in 10 oriole species. The resultant nuclear gene tree reconstructs the same three major oriole clades as the mtDNA tree , supporting the conclusion that plumage evolution in the New World orioles has been highly homoplastic. Although most phylogenetic studies that have employed introns report greatest resolution at the genus or family level, ODC appears to offer some degree of phylogenetic resolution for infrageneric analyses. However, that intron has clearly not sorted to monophyly within or between closely related species.Original Abstract: Un estudio reciente de Icterus, que analizo la evolucion de un gran numero de caracteres del plumaje sobre una filogenia basada en ADN mitocondrial, documento una alta frecuencia de convergencias y reversiones evolutivas en caracteres del plumaje . Aunque esos resultados son consistentes con otros estudios a menor escala que han reportado homoplasia en el plumaje, el genoma mitocondrial se hereda como un solo grupo de ligamiento, por lo que los datos mitocondriales representan solo un arbol genico. Como el arbol de ADN mitocondrial podria no reflejar la verdadera historia evolutiva de un grupo, es aun posible que los caracteres de plumaje reflejen la filogenia real de las especies. Otras regiones de ADN que evolucionan rapidamente pueden proveer hipotesis filogeneticas independientes de utilidad para evaluar los arboles de genes mitocondriales. Un marcador filogenetico nuevo, una region del gen nuclear ODC ('ornithine decarboxylase') que va del exon 6 al exon 8, fue secuenciada para 10 especies de Icterus. El arbol resultante del gen nuclear reconstruye los mismos tres clados principales de Icterus que el arbol de ADNmt , apoyando la conclusion de que la evolucion del plumaje en Icterus ha sido altamente homoplasica. Aunque la mayoria de los estudios que han empleado intrones documentan una resolucion maxima al nivel de genero o familia, ODC parece ofrecer algun grado de resolucion filogenetica para analisis infragenericos. Sin embargo, este intron claramente no se ha separado hasta la monofilia entre o dentro de especies estrechamente relacionadas.

The subject of this paper is the link between jaundice and birds, according to the bond between the yellow colour and jaundice. For Ancient people, origin of the Greek name of this illness, ikteros, is the one of the kite (iktinos), whose eyes are yellow and black like those of the patient, or the one of a bile-coloured animal, perhaps the ikteros. Two birds, the ikterus and the charadrius, not well identified, are the only animals, known to us, which are prescribed in a method for transferring the jaundice, i.e the staring of yellow colour by the patient. Investigation about these points and on likely identifications for the two birds shows that many less or more yellow birds can be used against jaundice and that importance of the glance of the bird in the staring therapy is probably the origin of the ancient etymological explanations.

Carotenoids produce the brilliant red, orange, and yellow colors of many animals. However, melanin pigments can also confer some of these same hues. Because carotenoid and melanin colors are produced in different ways and may serve different signaling functions, either within or between species, it is important to establish whether one or both types of pigment are responsible for coloration. We have discovered what appears to be an evolutionary switch from carotenoid- to melanin-based color in two sexually dichromatic New World orioles. Using a combination of reflectance spectrometry and chromatographic analyses of plumage pigments, we found that the chestnut plumage of adult male orchard orioles Icterus spurius is produced predominantly by phaeomelanins. Orchard oriole feathers also contain carotenoids, which appear to be masked by the high concentration of phaeomelanins. In contrast, both carotenoids and phaeomelanins appear to contribute to color in adult male Fuertes's orioles I. fuertesi. Moreover, yellow yearling male and female plumage in both species is produced by carotenoids alone. The masking of carotenoids with phaeomelanins in orchard orioles is interesting in light of the signaling roles that carotenoids are thought to play. In addition, these plumage differences produce a unique case of age and sexual pigment dimorphism in orchard and Fuertes's orioles.

Female song in songbirds has historically been understudied compared to male song. Previous work by our lab found that female Orchard Oriole ( ) song is acoustically reduced and more variable compared to male song. To investigate further, we categorically compared syllable usage between male and female Orchard Orioles. We created a syllable library by scoring three songs from each of 23 males and 16 females. We divided each song into syllables and visually classified syllables into syllable types. We found that individual males sang more syllable types (mean ±SD) (42.7 ± 8.2) than individual females (22.6 ± 5.0). We also found that females had a higher song versatility index (SVI) (59%) in syllable usage than males (41%). A greater proportion of female syllables were shared with males than with other females, whereas a similar proportion of male syllables were shared with other males as with females. Syllable sharing between the sexes suggests that there is no sex-specific syllable usage in Orchard Orioles. High SVI in female Orchard Orioles as well as high quantitative acoustic variability, found in previous work, suggests that female elaborate song may be subject to relaxed selection in this species. Comparisons of song at the syllable level can provide valuable insight into sex-specific song learning, geographic patterns, and social interactions.

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to (1) establish the maximum allowable interference limits for hemolysis, lipemia, and icterus for chemistry analytes tested in body fluid samples and (2) assess the effectiveness of serial dilution to mitigate spectral interferences. Methods Residual body fluids from clinically ordered testing were mixed (<10% by volume) with stock solutions of interferent (spiked) and compared with a control spiked with an equal volume of 0.9% saline. The analytes were measured on the Roche cobas c501 instrument. Difference and percentage difference were calculated and compared with allowable total error limits. A subset of samples were serially diluted with 0.9% saline. Mean (SD) difference and percentage difference were calculated. Results The interference thresholds were lower than the package insert for lactate dehydrogenase, cholesterol, triglycerides, and total protein for hemolysis; amylase, cholesterol, and total protein for icterus; and albumin for lipemia. Only cholesterol and triglyceride results returned to baseline upon dilution of icteric samples. Conclusions Interference thresholds in body fluids were lower than blood for 6 analytes. Diluting interferences that surpass these limits does not produce reliable results that are comparable to the baseline results before spiking in the interferent.

Until recently, studies of divergence and gene flow among closely‐related taxa were generally limited to pairs of sister taxa. However, organisms frequently exchange genes with other non‐sister taxa. The “northern oriole” group within genus Icterus exemplifies this problem. This group involves the extensively studied hybrid zone between Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) and Bullock's oriole (I. bullockii), an alleged hybrid zone between I. bullockii and black‐backed oriole (I. abeillei), and likely mtDNA introgression between I. galbula and I. abeillei. Here, we examine the divergence population genetics of the entire northern oriole group using a multipopulation Isolation‐with‐Migration (IM) model. In accordance with Haldane's rule, nuclear loci introgress extensively beyond the I. galbula–I. bullockii hybrid zone, while mtDNA does not. We found no evidence of introgression between I. bullockii and I. abeillei or between I. galbula and I. abeillei when all three species were analyzed together in a three‐population model. However, traditional pairwise analysis suggested some nuclear introgression from I. abeillei into I. galbula, probably reflecting genetic contributions from I. bullockii unaccounted for in a two‐population model. Thus, only by including all members of this group in the analysis was it possible to rigorously estimate the level of gene flow among these three closely related species. Coalescent‐based isolation‐migration approaches such as IMa2 are key to assessing the role of gene flow for recently diverged taxa. Our study reveals the complexity of evolutionary processes that have contributed to produce the observed pattern of rampant allele sharing among the three species within the northern oriole group. Furthermore, our findings highlight the importance of accounting for all potentially interbreeding taxa when interpreting the divergence history of a group of taxa, and the extent to which gene flow may retard the rate of divergence at neutral loci.

Aim This study aims to investigate the nature and extent of hemolyzed, icteric, or lipemic (HIL) interference on platelet aggregation (PA) using the TA‐8 V aggregometer (Diagnostica Stago, Asnière sur Seine) equipped with a near infrared light source outside the typical absorbance range of HIL. Methods Platelet‐Rich‐Plasma (PRP) samples were spiked with substances mimicking HIL interference: red blood cell hemolysate (RBCH; 0.3–20 g/L of hemoglobin), bilirubin (15–400 mg/L), and a fat emulsion (Intralipid 20%: 0.5–3 g/L). Maximal intensity (MaxInt) and velocity (Vel) were recorded in the basal state and in response to ADP 5 μmol/L and collagen 2 μg/mL. RBCH solution was treated with apyrase 0.1 U/mL. Results Spontaneous aggregation appeared above 0.6 g/L RBCH and significantly intensified with increased RBCH concentrations. The addition of apyrase to RBCH prevented spontaneous aggregation regardless of the RBCH concentration and led to reduced interindividual variability. In response to ADP and collagen, MaxInt and Vel significantly decreased as apyrase‐treated RBCH concentrations increased. MaxInt and Vel in response to ADP or collagen were not affected by increasing concentrations of bilirubin. The presence of lipids significantly increases MaxInt in response to ADP or collagen starting at 0.5 g/L. Conclusion Our findings suggest that PA testing using the TA‐8 V instrument is not significantly impacted by icterus and hyperlipidemia within the specified ranges in healthy individuals. However, it is crucial to reject grossly hemolysed samples (exceeding 0.6 g/L) to avoid interference with ADP released from red blood cells. Further research is needed to confirm these results in patients with platelet dysfunction. This study aims to investigate the nature and extent of hemolyzed, icteric, or lipemic (HIL) interference on platelet aggregation using the TA‐8 V aggregometer (Diagnostica Stago, Asnières sur Seine) equipped with a near‐infrared light source outside the typical absorbance range of HIL. In response to 5 μmol/L ADP and 2 μg/mL collagen, platelet aggregation significantly decreased as apyrase‐treated RBCH concentrations increased. Platelet aggregation is not significantly impacted by icterus and hyperlipidemia within the specified ranges in healthy individuals.