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To compare toric intraocular lens (IOL) alignment assisted by image-guided surgery or manual marking methods and its impact on visual quality. This prospective comparative study enrolled 80 eyes with cataract and astigmatism ≥1.5 D to undergo phacoemulsification with toric IOL alignment by manual marking method using bubble marker (group I, n=40) or Callisto eye and Z align (group II, n=40). Postoperatively, accuracy of alignment and visual quality was assessed with a ray tracing aberrometer. Primary outcome measure was deviation from the target axis of implantation. Secondary outcome measures were visual quality and acuity. Follow-up was performed on postoperative days (PODs) 1 and 30. Deviation from the target axis of implantation was significantly less in group II on PODs 1 and 30 (group I: 5.5°±3.3°, group II: 3.6°±2.6°; =0.005). Postoperative refractive cylinder was -0.89±0.35 D in group I and -0.64±0.36 D in group II ( =0.003). Visual acuity was comparable between both the groups. Visual quality measured in terms of Strehl ratio ( <0.05) and modulation transfer function (MTF) ( <0.05) was significantly better in the image-guided surgery group. Significant negative correlation was observed between deviation from target axis and visual quality parameters (Strehl ratio and MTF) ( <0.05). Image-guided surgery allows precise alignment of toric IOL without need for reference marking. It is associated with superior visual quality which correlates with the precision of IOL alignment.

The fourth edition of Implant Restorations: A Step-by-Step Guide provides a wealth of updated and expanded coverage on detailed procedures for restoring dental implants. Focusing on the most common treatment scenarios, it offers concise literature reviews for each chapter and easy-to-follow descriptions of the techniques, along with high-quality clinical photographs demonstrating each step. Comprehensive throughout, this practical guide begins with introductory information on incorporating implant restorative dentistry in clinical practice. It covers diagnosis and treatment planning and digital dentistry, and addresses advances in cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), treatment planning software, computer generated surgical guides, rapid prototype printing and impression-less implant restorative treatments, intra-oral scanning, laser sintering, and printing/milling polymer materials. Record-keeping, patient compliance, hygiene regimes, and follow-up are also covered. * Provides an accessible step-by-step guide to commonly encountered treatment scenarios, describing procedures and techniques in an easy-to-follow, highly illustrated format * Offers new chapters on diagnosis and treatment planning and digital dentistry * Covers advances in cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT), computer generated surgical guides, intra-oral scanning, laser sintering, and more An excellent and accessible guide on a burgeoning subject in modern dental practice by one of its most experienced clinicians, Implant Restorations: A Step-by-Step Guide, Fourth Edition will appeal to prosthodontists, general dentists, implant surgeons, dental students, dental assistants, hygienists, and dental laboratory technicians.

Positive resection margin frequently exists in breast‐conserving treatment (BCT) of early‐stage breast cancer, and insufficient therapeutic efficacy is common during radiotherapy (RT) in advanced breast cancer patients. Moreover, a multimodal nanotherapy platform is urgently required for precision cancer medicine. Therefore, a biodegradable cyclic RGD pentapeptide/hollow virus‐like gadolinium (Gd)‐based indocyanine green (R&HV‐Gd@ICG) nanoprobe is developed to improve fluorescence image‐guided surgery and breast cancer RT efficacy. R&HV‐Gd exhibits remarkably improved aqueous stability, tumor retention, and target specificity of ICG, and achieves outstanding magnetic resonance/second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window multimodal imaging in vivo. The nanoprobe‐based NIR‐II fluorescence image guidance facilitates complete tumor resection, improves the overall mouse survival rate, and effectively discriminates between benign and malignant breast tissues in spontaneous breast cancer transgenic mice (area under the curve = 0.978; 95% confidence interval: 0.952, 1.0). Moreover, introducing the nanoprobe to tumors generated more reactive oxygen species under X‐ray irradiation, improved RT sensitivity, and reduced mouse tumor progression. Notably, the nanoprobe is biodegradable in vivo and exhibits accelerated bodily clearance, which is expected to reduce the potential long‐term inorganic nanoparticle toxicity. Overall, the nanoprobe provides a basis for developing precision breast cancer treatment strategies. A biodegradable diagnostic and therapeutic integrated nanoprobe is constructed for precise breast cancer treatment. The nanoprobe achieves accurate second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) fluorescence image‐guided surgical tumor resection and can be a radiotherapy (RT) sensitizer to enhance breast cancer RT efficacy. In addition, the nanoprobe exhibits in vivo biocompatibility and biodegradation.

Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging poses significant superiority over traditional medical imaging for tumor resection, thus having attracted widely attention. However, for tiny tumor residues, it requires relative high sensitivity to determine. Here, based on persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs), an ultrasensitive nanoprobe with extraordinary tumor imaging result is developed to guide surgical removal. Persistent luminescence (PersL) is quenched in normal tissue by the outer layer of MnO2, and is recovered due to the degradation of MnO2 in tumor microenvironment, significantly improving the sensitivity of tumor imaging. Combined with the absence of background fluorescence in imaging of PLNPs, ultrahigh sensitivity is achieved. In orthotopic breast cancer model, the intraoperative tumor‐to‐normal tissue (T/NT) signal ratio of the nanoprobe is 58.8, about 9 times that of downconversion nanoparticles. The T/NT ratio of residual tumor (<2 mm) remains 12.4, considerably high to distinguish tumor tissue from normal tissue. Besides, multiple‐microtumor, 4T1 liver‐implanted tumor and lung metastasis models are built to prove that this ultrasensitive nanoprobe is feasible to recognize tumor residues. Notably, PersL imaging takes only 1.5 min, appropriate to be applied for intraoperative imaging. Overall, an ultrasensitive and convenient imaging for recognizing residual tumor tissue is introduced, holding promise for complete surgical removal. An intelligently responsive nanoprobe with ultrahigh sensitivity for image‐guided tumor resection is developed. Based on persistent luminescence (PersL) imaging without autofluorescence, signal is quenched by the outer layer of MnO2 in normal tissue, and recover in tumor region due to the degradation of MnO2. It provides ultrahigh tumor‐to‐normal tissue (T/NT) signal ratio to identify tumor residues during surgical removal.

We developed a single-camera-based near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging device using indocyanine green (ICG) NIR fluorescence contrast agents for image-induced surgery. In general, a fluorescent imaging system that simultaneously provides color and NIR images uses two cameras, which is disadvantageous because it increases the imaging head of the system. Recently, a single-camera-based NIR optical imaging device with quantum efficiency partially extended to the NIR region was developed to overcome this drawback. The system used RGB_NIR filters for camera sensors to provide color and NIR images simultaneously; however, the sensitivity and resolution of the infrared images are reduced by 1/4, and the exposure time and gain cannot be set individually when acquiring color and NIR images. Thus, to overcome these shortcomings, this study developed a compact fluorescent imaging system that uses a single camera with two complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors. Sensitivity and signal-to-background ratio were measured according to the concentrations of ICG solution, exposure time, and camera gain to evaluate the performance of the imaging system. Consequently, the clinical applicability of the system was confirmed through the toxicity analysis of the light source and in vivo testing.

Background Radiation protection in the operating room (OR) environment is a subject of much discussion in both the surgery and medical physics communities. Radiation exposure is often infrequent during image‐guided procedures, especially when only 3D imaging for navigation is used. This is accompanied by unique personnel considerations, including staff that rotate in and out of the OR and staff that are scrubbed in and do not have the opportunity to easily don and doff radioprotective garments. These communities seek clear guidance about the magnitude of stray radiation dose in the OR environment. However, prior studies have reported conflicting data on the topic and have used different methods and instruments. Purpose To systematically measure the magnitude of stray radiation doses in a simulated OR environment in locations relevant to the placement of personnel during image‐guided spine surgery and to make recommendations for radiation protection based on these data when using a mobile cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system and a realistic anthropomorphic phantom on an actual spine surgery table. Methods Measurements of stray radiation dose were performed in a grid pattern in a simulated OR environment using pressurized ionization chamber survey meters and two configurations of a tissue‐mimicking anthropomorphic phantom, large (L) and extra‐large (XL). The phantom was imaged using “navigation” mode (i.e., CBCT) with standard and high definition (HD) protocols. Stray radiation dose was measured at heights corresponding to chest level (125 cm) and eye level (175 cm) of a typical operator and additional heights of 100 and 150 cm. Results The absolute per scan whole body dose in the shadow of the gantry console 2 m from isocenter at a height of 125 cm (chest level) was 1.26 µSv for an equal mix of L and XL patients, and at a height of 175 cm (eye lens level) the air kerma was 9.22 µGy. The dose at 2 m from isocenter on the head side of the patient at a height of 125 cm was 7.93 µSv and air kerma at a height of 175 cm was 14.7 µGy. Doses at the same distance from isocenter and same heights on the side of the gantry opposite the console were 13.5 µSv and 15.0 µGy. Conclusions Stray radiation doses were lowest in the shadow of the gantry console and were higher at a height of 175 cm compared to a height of 125 cm. Based on measured stray radiation doses at a distance of 2 m from isocenter, multiple radiation protection strategies can be employed to maintain occupational doses as low as reasonably achievable for operating room personnel.

Visual Computing for Medicine, Second Edition, offers cutting-edge visualization techniques and their applications in medical diagnosis, education, and treatment. The book includes algorithms, applications, and ideas on achieving reliability of results and clinical evaluation of the techniques covered. Preim and Botha illustrate visualization techniques from research, but also cover the information required to solve practical clinical problems. They base the book on several years of combined teaching and research experience. This new edition includes six new chapters on treatment planning, guidance and training; an updated appendix on software support for visual computing for medicine; and a new global structure that better classifies and explains the major lines of work in the field. Complete guide to visual computing in medicine, fully revamped and updated with new developments in the fieldIllustrated in full colorIncludes a companion website offering additional content for professors, source code, algorithms, tutorials, videos, exercises, lessons, and more

All tumor imaging modalities have resolution limits below which deeply situated small metastatic foci may not be identified. Moreover, incomplete lesion excision will affect the outcomes of the patients. Scintigraphy is adept in locating lesions, and second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) imaging may allow precise real‐time tumor delineation. To achieve complete excision of all lesions, multimodality imaging is a promising method for tumor identification and management. Here, a NIR‐II thiopyrylium salt, XB1034, was first synthesized and bound to cetuximab and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) to produce XB1034‐cetuximab‐TCO. This probe provides excellent sensitivity and high temporal resolution NIR‐II imaging in mice bearing tumors developed from human breast cancer cells MDA‐MB‐231. To enable PET imaging, 68Ga‐NETA‐tetrazine is subsequently injected into the mice to undergo a bio‐orthogonal reaction with the preinjected XB1034‐cetuximab‐TCO. PET images achieved in the tumor models using the pretargeting strategy are of much higher quality than those obtained using the direct radiolabeling method. Moreover, real‐time NIR‐II imaging allows accurate tumor excision and sentinel lymph node mapping. In conclusion, XB1034 is a promising molecular imaging probe for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Here, a NIR‐II thiopyrylium salt, XB1034, was first synthesized and bound to cetuximab and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO) to produce XB1034‐cetuximab‐TCO. XB1034‐cetuximab‐TCO manifested promising NIR‐II imaging activity, and the follow‐up injected Tz‐NETA‐68Ga probe showed encouraging efficiency for tumor quantification. This targeted dual‐modality probe demonstrated the feasibility of clinical image‐guided operation in real time.

Objectives Dental implant placement requires exceptional precision to ensure functional and esthetic success. Traditional guidance methods, such as static drilling guides and dynamic navigation systems, have improved accuracy but are limited by high costs, rigidity, and reliance on specialized hardware. This study introduces an augmented reality (AR) system using consumer smartphones for real‐time navigation in dental implant placement. The system aims to provide a cost‐effective, eco‐friendly alternative to conventional methods by integrating virtual planning with physical models. Material and Methods A modified dental training model with removable parallel pins served as the physical component. Implant positions were digitally planned and color‐coded using 3D scanning and modeling software, then integrated into an AR application built with Unity Engine. A smartphone's camera was calibrated to project virtual overlays onto the physical model. In vitro testing evaluated alignment accuracy, drill guidance, and system performance under controlled lighting conditions. Results The AR system successfully aligned virtual overlays with the physical model, providing effective visual guidance for implant drill positioning. Operators maintained planned trajectories, demonstrating the feasibility of AR as an alternative to static and dynamic guidance systems. Challenges included the system's sensitivity to stable lighting and visual cues. Conclusions This AR‐based approach offers an accessible and sustainable solution for modern dental implantology. Future research will focus on quantitative accuracy assessments, AI integration for enhanced performance, and clinical trials to validate real‐world applicability. AR technology has the potential to transform dental practices by improving outcomes while reducing costs and environmental impact.

Objective 3D virtual models have gained interest in urology, particularly in the context of robotic partial nephrectomy. From these, newly developed “anatomical digital twin models” reproduce both the morphological and anatomical characteristics of the organs, including the texture of the tissues they comprise. The aim of the study was to develop and test the new digital twins in the setting of intraoperative guidance during robotic‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN). Patient and Methods The production path of the 3D model‐digital twin of an organ begins with a phantom of virtual elements, including the kidney's parenchyma, vessels, tumour and collecting system. Textures are created from intraoperative robotic surgery images using machine learning algorithms. The result is a 3D model ‐ digital twin that replicates the organ's shape and appearance. Two surgeons, one experienced and one young, used both the standard 3D model and the digital twin in four surgical phases: identifying the organ and its boundaries, dissecting the vascular pedicle, isolating the neoplastic lesion and identifying the renal pelvis and ureter. Results 4 patients, 2 per each surgeon harbouring a low and intermediate complexity (PADUA 6 and 8) renal masses respectively, underwent RAPN. From the assessment made by the surgeons at the end of each procedure, the 3D digital twin models were found to be superior to their standard counterparts both in terms of concordance with real anatomy and in usefulness to guide the identification of the tumour, vascular pedicle and ureter, while they did not demonstrate significant advantages in identifying the kidney and its margins. Conclusions The new 3D digital twin models represent a step forward towards the personalization of virtual reconstructions. Approaching real anatomy more closely, they offer the surgeons a perceived higher degree of concordance with the intraoperative environment, making it easier to identify the structures of interest during the surgical procedure.