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Impact Response and Damage Tolerance of Hybrid Glass/Kevlar-Fibre Epoxy Structural Composites
The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of hybridisation on Kevlar/E-Glass based epoxy composite laminate structures. Composites with 3 mm thickness and 16 layers of fibre (14 layers of E-glass centred and 2 outer layers of Kevlar) were fabricated using compression moulding technique. The fibre orientation of the Kevlar layers had 3 variations (0, 45 and 60°), whereas the E-glass fibre layers were maintained at 0° orientation. Tensile, flexural, impact (Charpy and Izod), interlaminar shear strength and ballistic impact tests were conducted. The ballistic test was performed using a gas gun with spherical hard body projectiles at the projectile velocity of 170 m/s. The pre- and post-impact velocities of the projectiles were measured using a high-speed camera. The energy absorbed by the composite laminates was further reported during the ballistic test, and a computerised tomographic scan was used to analyse the impact damage. The composites with 45° fibre orientation of Kevlar fibres showed better tensile strength, flexural strength, Charpy impact strength, and energy absorption. The energy absorbed by the composites with 45° fibre orientation was 58.68 J, which was 14% and 22% higher than the 0° and 60° oriented composites.
Journal Article
Environmental impact assessments and mitigation
\"Environmental Impact Assessments and Mitigation examines various assessments for developmental projects in the housing, mining, energy, and waste management areas. As the world continues to shift toward concerns over climate change and environmental protection issues, developmental projects must have environmental impact assessments (EIA) conducted as well as environmental management plans (EMP). This book describes how all phases of a project, from planning, to operation, to post operation, must consider potential environmental impacts and their mitigation. Features : Presents numerous sustainable development considerations for key industries, discusses how environmental impact assessments are prepared for each stage of a project, describes different environmental management plans for established projects, offers mitigation plans for various potential environmental impacts , includes practical examples from the construction, manufacturing, transport, and mining industries. Useful for practicing professional engineers as well as upper-level students, this book covers all aspects of environmental impact assessments from start to finish\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
What's in a Name: An Analysis of Impact Investing Understandings by Academics and Practitioners
Recently, there has been much talk of impact investing. Around the world, specialized intermediaries have appeared, mainstream financial players and governments have become involved, renowned universities have included impact investing courses in their curriculum, and a myriad of practitioner contributions have been published. Despite all this activity, conceptual clarity remains an issue: The absence of a uniform definition, the interchangeable use of alternative terms and unclear boundaries to related concepts such as socially responsible investment are being criticized. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of impact investing, which could help foster this specific investment style and guide further academic research. To do so, it investigates a large number of academic and practitioner works, highlighting areas of similarity and inconsistency on three levels: definitional, terminological, and strategic. Our research shows that, on a general level, heterogeneity—especially definitional and strategic—is less pronounced than expected. Yet, our research also reveals critical issues that need to be clarified to advance the field and increase its credibility. First and foremost, this includes the characteristics required of impact investees, notably whether they need to be (social sector) organizations that prioritize their non-financial mission over the business side. Our results indicate that there may be different schools of thoughts concerning this matter.
Journal Article
Methods of environmental impact assessment
\"Methods of environmental impact assessment is a practical, up-to-date explanation and guide to how EIAS are, and should be, carried out for specific environmental components (e.g. air, water, ecological systems, socio-economic systems). For each component, it includes a discussion of relevant regulations and standards, how baseline surveys are conducted, how impact predictions are made, what mitigation measures can be used, how the effectiveness of such measures should be monitored, and the limitations of the methods.\" \"Very few books exist on how EIA should be carried out for specific environmental components. Whereas its sister volume, Introduction to environmental impact assessment, concentrates on the EIA principles, procedures and prospects, Methods of environmental impact assessment concentrates on the methods applied for the environmental components. It does not attempt to make specialists of its readers, but aims to foster better communication between experts, a better understanding of how EIAs should be carried out, and better EIA-related decisions. Taken together, the two books provide a comprehensive coverage of the theory and practice of EIA.\" \"Written by practising specialists who teach a highly regarded MSc course in environmental assessment and management, and by experts from a major environmental consultancy, Methods of environmental impact assessment is invaluable for: people who organize, review, and make decisions about EIA; environmental planners and managers; students taking first degrees in planning, ecology, geography, environmental studies and related subjects with an EIA content; and postgraduate students taking courses in EIA or environmental management.\"--Jacket.
Low-Elevation Impact Tests of Axially Loaded Reinforced Concrete Columns
Conventionally, structures are designed to resist dead and live loads. However, there is a rising risk of structural members being subjected to impact loads as a result of unexpected events, accidents, or intentional attacks. In the case of frontal street-level columns of buildings and columns in parking spaces, they can potentially be exposed to high-intensity dynamic loads caused by vehicular impacts. Furthermore, most of these columns are not designed to resist these effects. This research demonstrates the vulnerability of conventionally designed reinforced concrete (RC) columns against vehicle impacts. A special drop-weight test setup was designed and established to simulate the vehicle collision impact in the performed tests. In the scope of this study, four full-scale axially loaded RC members were tested under drop-weight test setups to represent low-elevation transverse impact loads on the specimens. The performance of RC columns under static and impact loading conditions (applied by increased magnitude of impact energy) was examined and the changes in their structural performances were evaluated. The mode of failure was observed to be transformed from pure flexure in static tests into a more brittle character dominated by shear under impact loading conditions. Consequently, conventionally designed RC columns were found highly shear-deficient against vehicular impacts; therefore, they should be designed with a certain safety margin to have reserve shear and deformation capacities to eliminate their vulnerability. Based on the test results, dynamic response ratio recommended for shear-critical RC members can be used in the design of street-level columns against vehicular impact. Keywords: column; drop weight impact; dynamic behavior; impact capacity; impact load; impact test; reinforced concrete; shear failure; vehicular impact.
Journal Article
Developing a framework of minimum standards for the risk assessment of alien species
1. Biological invasions are a threat to biodiversity, society and the economy. There is an urgent need to provide evidence- based assessments of the risks posed by invasive alien species (IAS) to prioritize action. Risk assessments underpin IAS policies in many ways: informing legislation; providing justification of restrictions in trade or consumer activities; prioritizing surveillance and rapid response. There are benefits to ensuring consistency in content of IAS risk assessments globally, and this can be achieved by providing a framework of minimum standards as a checklist for quality assurance. 2. From a review of existing risk assessment protocols, and with reference to the requirements of the EU Regulation on IAS (1143/2014) and international agreements including the World Trade Organisation, Convention on Biological Diversity and International Plant Protection Convention, coupled with consensus methods, we identified and agreed upon 14 minimum standards (attributes) a riskassessment scheme should include. 3. The agreed minimum standards were as follows: (1) basic species description; (2) likelihood of invasion; (3) distribution, spread and impacts; (4) assessment of introduction pathways; (5) assessment of impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems; (6) Assessment of impact on ecosystem services; (7) assessment of socio-economic impacts; (8) consideration of status (threatened or protected) of species or habitat under threat; (9) assessment of effects of future climate change; (10) completion possible even when there is a lack of information; (11) documents information sources; (12) provides a summary in a consistent and interpretable form; (13) -includes uncertainty; (14) includes quality assurance. In deriving these minimum standards, gaps in knowledge required for completing risk assessments and the scope of existing risk assessment protocols were revealed, most notably in relation to assessing benefits, socio-economic impacts and impacts on ecosystem services but also inclusion of consideration of climate change. 4. Policy implications. We provide a checklist of components that should be within invasive alien species risk assessments and recommendations to develop risk assessments to meet these proposed minimum standards. Although inspired by implementation of the European Union Regulation on invasive alien species, and as such developed specifically within a European context, the derived framework and minimum standards could be applied globally.
Journal Article