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PurposeAdapting the Health Promotion School (HPS) approach to context specifics is acknowledged as being essential for implementation and achieving optimal effectiveness. This study aims to explore implementation variations on seven HPS spectra (such as top-down to bottom-up involvement of stakeholders) on which implementation of the HPS approach can vary, and the factors that relate to navigation on these spectra.Design/methodology/approachIn 2020, fourteen HPS researchers and professionals from ten European countries participated in semi-structured interviews.FindingsNavigation variations on the HPS spectra occurred throughout most spectra. Further, a tendency was found towards spectrum extremes of addressing multiple core-components, implementing non-disruptive Health Promotion (HP) programmes, and evaluating the HPS approach through an action-oriented research approach. Important general factors were resources, staff capacity and time available to staff members for implementing the HPS approach. Some spectra required more specific factors like organisational skills, leadership or a certain level of democracy.Practical implicationsThe implementation of the HPS approach should be supported by implementation strategies addressing the spectrum-specific factors, but more generic factors such as staff capacity, resources and the level of democracy should also be considered.Originality/valueThis study explores navigation variations throughout HPS spectra rather than the HPS approach in general. It also nuances implementation diversity across and within different European contexts.

Successful Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation depends upon various factors known as critical success factors (CSFs). This study developed a system dynamics model of ERP implementation based on CSFs to discuss ERP implementation complexities, which identifies the effect of CSF interrelations on different aspects of ERP project failure. Based on the model hypothesis, CSF interrelations include many causal loop dependencies. Some of these causal loops are called mortal loops, because they may cause the failure of risk reduction efforts to a more severe failure in effect of lack of system thinking on CSFs interrelations. This study discusses how system thinking works as a leverage point for overcoming ERP implementation challenges.

Background Vaccination plays a critical role during pandemics, and mass vaccination clinics are often an imperative public health measure. These clinics usually consist of multi-disciplinary teams, which can pose significant coordination challenges, yet also present an opportunity for collectively contributing towards mitigating the impact of infection within communities. This study explores the coordination dynamics of the Region of Waterloo’s coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) mass vaccination clinics in Ontario, Canada, between July 2021 and April 2022. Methods This qualitative study included 16 purposively selected participants working in mass vaccination clinics. Participants were individually interviewed for 40–60 min. An inductive and iterative thematic analysis was undertaken, including open coding, grouping, labelling, regrouping and making sense of the themes. Results Three interrelated themes were created: (1) unpredictable work environment, which was comprised of changing clinic processes and the impact of clinic adjustments to the running of the clinics; (2) clinic cohesion challenges, which included staff role disparities, limited job preparation and clinic system silos; and (3) adaptable and supportive work environment, which was comprised of staff adaptability, dispositional flexibility and a supportive work environment. While the first two themes created a precarious situation in the clinics, the third countered it, leading to a largely successful clinic implementation. Conclusions The rapid evolution and high transmissibility of COVID-19 in communities required a public health response that felt like flying and building a plane simultaneously – a seemingly impossible yet necessary task. However, an adaptable and supportive work environment was critical for establishing an atmosphere that can overcome challenges from a constantly changing pandemic and the guidance of public health officials. Such lessons gained from understanding the dynamic experiences in mass vaccination clinics are essential for improving the development and operation of future immunization campaigns.

The central governments of the member states play a crucial role in the transformation of EU public policy into reality. This book examines the way in which the Greek, French and British central governments perform this role.

What explains the variation in implementation dynamics for cyber forces across militaries? In other words, as cyber forces emerge in states across the international system, why do some militaries undertake wide-ranging implementation efforts with few alterations to cyber force structure, while implementation in other militaries is characterized by a drawn-out, incremental process entailing several changes in cyber force structure?Militaries have been building cyber capabilities since the late 1980s; however, formalized military cyber organizations for these capabilities have only recently emerged. These cyber forces—active-duty military organizations that possess the capability and authority to direct and control computer network operations (CNOs) for strategic ends—have received little attention from scholars. Despite the potential impacts cyber forces might hold for international security dynamics, there exists no comprehensive overview of cyber forces and no analysis on the various ways they have been implemented across militaries. Moreover, current explanations drawn from the diffusion of military innovations remain incomplete in explaining the ways in which cyber force structure change over the course of the implementation process.In this dissertation, I examine the diffusion and implementation of cyber forces and advance a theory of organizational size to account for the varying implementation dynamics across militaries. My dissertation makes two important contributions to the growing literature on cyber conflict. First, I offer a novel typology for categorizing cyber forces and the respective force structures. By classifying cyber forces according to organizational model and scale of command, I identify nine distinct cyber force structures: Subordinated Branch, Subordinated Service, Subordinated Joint, Sub-Unified Branch, Sub-Unified Service, Sub-Unified Joint, Unified Branch, Unified Service, and Unified Joint. The second contribution is empirical: I create the first comprehensive database to catalogue the diffusion of cyber forces and evolution of cyber force structures across state—the Dataset on Cyber Force Structures.This dissertation also makes three broader contributions to the study of the diffusion of military innovations. First, I show how organizational characteristics mitigate diffusion pressures by constraining or enabling innovation and implementation. This dissertation moves past debates that portray militaries as either change-resistant or innovation-seeking organizations by providing a more nuanced claim: organizational characteristics—such as size—can predispose militaries to pursue certain types of changes while creating resistance to others. As such, this dissertation sheds important light on the ways in which the military organizational factors can shape the agency and decisions of those implementing an innovation principle.Second, I advance a stage-based conception of implementation for diffusion frameworks comprised of five stages: pre-adoption, introduction, modification, expansion, and full implementation. This framework can account for both partial and full adoption and provides a way to assess intermediate changes to an innovation prior to its full institutionalization. As a result, I use this framework to showcase the value of stage-based theorizing.Third, this dissertation introduces new methodological tools for testing stage-based hypotheses about adoption and implementation. In conjunction with qualitative analysis, this dissertation utilizes multistate survival modeling to assess variable effects at each stage of the implementation process. Traditional modeling techniques in the military diffusion literature—such as logistic regressions and basic survival modeling—prove both cumbersome and inadequate for assessing stage-based processes. In using multistate survival modeling, I emphasize the importance of matching methods to conceptual and theoretical assumptions.

Contemporary armed conflicts and wars must be analyzed without ambiguity: for civilians, these confrontations produce massive population movements. In most cases, these migratory flows within national borders. In this context, Colombia assumes a special place. For nearly seven decades, this Andean territory has been crossed by various forms of claims and armed confrontations. Thus, despite the result of the peace process initiated in 2011, nowadays and according to acnuR (2018), the country has over 7.7 million internally displaced persons. Since 1997, the Colombian government has passed a series of political measures to compensate those who represent most of its civilian war victims: the so called desplazados forzados. This article proposes to examine the reconfigurations of the urban forced displacement movements focusing on the construction of this status and on the links between the city and the war. The main objective of the \"desplazamiento forzado\" law aimed to compensate the socio-economic instability generated by these migratory flows. From there, the analysis will start by defining the \"forced displacement\" as it is conceived in the Colombian context to discuss the territorial approach applied to this type of politicized forced mobility. Mi PhD work focused on these issues, and more particularly on the situations observed in the 4th and 6th districts of the municipality of Soacha, whose data will be used to illustrate the remarks made in this article. Los conflictos armados y las guerras de nuestros mundos contemporáneos han de ser analizados sin ambigüedad: para los civiles, estos enfrentamientos van acompañados de movimientos masivos de población. En la gran mayoría de los casos, estos flujos migratorios se producen dentro de las fronteras nacionales y, en este contexto, Colombia ocupa un lugar particular. Durante casi siete décadas, este territorio andino ha sido atravesado por diversas formas de reivindicaciones y enfrentamientos armados. Así, más allá de la finalización del Proceso de Paz iniciado en 2011, este país cuenta actualmente con más de 7,7 millones de desplazados internos según acnuR (2018). Desde 1997, el gobierno colombiano ha adoptado una serie de medidas políticas para compensar a quienes representan a la mayoría de sus víctimas civiles de la guerra: los desplazados forzados. Enfocando la construcción de este estatuto, cuyo objetivo primero fue indemnizar la inestabilidad socioeconómica engendrada por la importancia de estos flujos migratorios, este artículo propone examinar los nexos existentes entre la ciudad y la guerra para presentar las reconfiguraciones urbanas del desplazamiento forzado. El análisis partirá de la definición del término 'desplazamiento forzado', tal como se entiende en Colombia para apoyar el enfoque territorial aplicado a este tipo de movilidad forzada politizada. El trabajo de tesis base de este artículo se centró alrededor de estos temas y, específicamente, en las situaciones observadas dentro de las Comunas 4 y 6 de Soacha, situaciones que servirán para ilustrar el argumentario.

We discuss, using recent results on the thermodynamics of multivalued logic, the difficulties and pitfalls of how to apply the Landauer’s principle to thermodynamic computer memory models. The presentation is based on Szilard’s version of Maxwell’s demon experiment and use of equilibrium Thermodynamics. Different versions of thermodynamic/mechanical memory are presented – a one-hot encoding version and an implementation based on a reversed Szilard’s experiment. The relationship of the Landauer’s principle to the Galois connection is explained in detail.

We discuss, using recent results on the thermodynamics of multivalued logic, the difficulties and pitfalls of how to apply the Landauer’s principle to thermodynamic computer memory models. The presentation is based on Szilard’s version of Maxwell’s demon experiment and use of equilibrium Thermodynamics. Different versions of thermodynamic/mechanical memory are presented – a one-hot encoding version and an implementation based on a reversed Szilard’s experiment. The relationship of the Landauer’s principle to the Galois connection is explained in detail.

The purpose of this paper is to examine: the content of radical change by mapping differences between two templates for organizing delivery of healthcare; the enabling and constraining mechanisms underlying major change from one template to another; and the processes implicated in change implementation. Longitudinal, qualitative case study design allowed the tracking, over a four-year period, of the transformation of healthcare service in a community from provider-centered, fragmented delivery to patient-centered, integrated delivery. The authors conducted 90 interviews at three intervals, observed meetings, and analyzed internal and external documents. Concepts on content, process and mechanisms were used to analyze the data. Transition from one template to another involves radical change in structures/systems and underlying values. Mechanisms precipitating and enabling change include: powerful stakeholders' dissatisfaction with current template and commitment to a new one, willingness to resource the change, provision of credible leadership, and manipulation of incentive programs. Radical change is underlain by a series of micro change processes that involve emergent, non-linear dynamics, and that follow their own track with enabling and constraining mechanisms. The paper describes a case of positive, successful change. Implications include importance of: attention to power dynamics, persistent leadership, elimination of boundaries between collaborating groups, and aligning incentives with desired practice changes; and attending to both variance and process in understanding healthcare change.

The spectrum sensing performance of Cognitive Radios (CRs) considering noisy signal measurements and the time domain transmission statistics of the Primary User (PU) is considered in this paper. When the spectrum is linearly swept in the frequency domain continuously to detect the presence of the PU the time-domain statistics of the PU plays an important role in the detection performance. This is true especially when the PU's bandwidth is much smaller than the CR's scanning frequency range. We model the transmission statistics that is the temporal characteristics of the PU as a Poisson arrival process with a random occupancy time. The spectrum sensing performance at the CR node is then theoretically analyzed based on noisy envelope detection together with the time domain spectral occupancy statistics. The miss detection and false alarm probabilities are derived from the considered spectral occupancy model and the noise model, and we present simulation results to verify our theoretical analysis. We also study the minimum required sensing time for the wideband CR to reliably detect the narrowband PU with a given confidence level considering its temporal characteristics.