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The second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases builds on the growing sense of optimism_x000D__x000D_ generated by the 2012 publication of the WHO Roadmap. Commitments on the_x000D__x000D_ part of ministries of health in endemic countries global health initiatives funding_x000D__x000D_ agencies and philanthropists have escalated since 2010 as have donations of_x000D__x000D_ medicines from pharmaceutical companies and the engagement of the scientific_x000D__x000D_ community. _x000D__x000D_ This report marks a new phase and assesses opportunities and obstacles in the_x000D__x000D_ control elimination and eradication of several of these diseases. Unprecedented_x000D__x000D_ progress over the past two years has revealed unprecedented needs for_x000D__x000D_ refinements in control strategies and new technical tools and protocols. The_x000D__x000D_ substantial increases in donations of medicines made since the previous report_x000D__x000D_ call for innovations that simplify and refine delivery strategies. _x000D__x000D_ However some diseases including especially deadly ones like human African_x000D__x000D_ trypanosomiasis and visceral Leishmaniasis remain extremely difficult and costly_x000D__x000D_ to treat. The control of Buruli ulcer Chagas disease and yaws is hampered by_x000D__x000D_ imperfect technical tools although recent developments for yaws look promising._x000D__x000D_ The report highlights progress against these especially challenging diseases _x000D__x000D_ being made through the development of innovative and intensive management_x000D__x000D_ strategies. _x000D__x000D_ Innovations in vector control deserve more attention as playing a key part in_x000D__x000D_ reducing transmission and disease burden especially for Dengue Chagas disease_x000D__x000D_ and the Leishmaniases. _x000D__x000D_ Achieving universal health coverage with essential health interventions for_x000D__x000D_ neglected tropical diseases will be a powerful equalizer that abolishes distinctions_x000D__x000D_ between the rich and the poor the young and the old ethnic groups and women_x000D__x000D_ and men.

Two of every three persons living with dementia reside in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The projected increase in global dementia rates is expected to affect LMICs disproportionately. However, the majority of global dementia care costs occur in high‐income countries (HICs), with dementia research predominantly focusing on HICs. This imbalance necessitates LMIC‐focused research to ensure that characterization of dementia accurately reflects the involvement and specificities of diverse populations. Development of effective preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches for dementia in LMICs requires targeted, personalized, and harmonized efforts. Our article represents timely discussions at the 2022 Symposium on Dementia and Brain Aging in LMICs that identified the foremost opportunities to advance dementia research, differential diagnosis, use of neuropsychometric tools, awareness, and treatment options. We highlight key topics discussed at the meeting and provide future recommendations to foster a more equitable landscape for dementia prevention, diagnosis, care, policy, and management in LMICs. Highlights Two‐thirds of persons with dementia live in LMICs, yet research and costs are skewed toward HICs. LMICs expect dementia prevalence to more than double, accompanied by socioeconomic disparities. The 2022 Symposium on Dementia in LMICs addressed advances in research, diagnosis, prevention, and policy. The Nairobi Declaration urges global action to enhance dementia outcomes in LMICs.

\"Examines patterns of income inequality among 16 advanced democracies from the mid 1970s to the early 2000s and explains why some societies have a large and growing divide between the rich and the poor while others, facing similar global economic pressures, maintain more egalitarian income distributions\"--Provided by publisher.

A comprehensive resource describing innovative technologies and digital health tools that can revolutionize the delivery of health care in low- to middle-income countries, particularly in remote rural impoverished communities Revolutionizing Tropical Medicine offers an up-to-date guide for healthcare and other professionals working in low-resource countries where access to health care facilities for diagnosis and treatment is challenging. Rather than suggesting the expensive solution of building new bricks and mortar clinics and hospitals and increasing the number of doctors and nurses in these deprived areas, the authors propose a complete change of mindset. They outline a number of ideas for improving healthcare including rapid diagnostic testing for infectious and non-infectious diseases at a point-of-care facility, together with low cost portable imaging devices. In addition, the authors recommend a change in the way in which health care is delivered. This approach requires task-shifting within the healthcare provision system so that nurses, laboratory technicians, pharmacists and others are trained in the newly available technologies, thus enabling faster and more appropriate triage for people requiring medical treatment. This text: * Describes the current burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in low- to middle-income countries throughout the world * Describes the major advances in healthcare outcomes in low-to middle-income countries derived from implementation of the United Nations/World Health Organisation's 2000 Millennium Development Goals * Provides a review of inexpensive rapid diagnostic point-of-care tests for infectious diseases in low-resource countries, particularly for people living in remote rural areas * Provides a review of other rapid point-of-care services for assessing hematological function, biochemical function, renal function, hepatic function and status including hepatitis, acid-base balance, sickle cell disease, severe acute malnutrition and spirometry * Explores the use of low-cost portable imaging devices for use in remote rural areas including a novel method of examining the optic fundus using a smartphone and the extensive value of portable ultrasound scanning when x-ray facilities are not available * Describes the use of telemedicine in the clinical management of both children and adults in remote rural settings * Looks to the future of clinical management in remote impoverished rural settings using nucleic acid identification of pathogens, the use of nanoparticles for water purification, the use of drones, the use of pulse oximetry and the use of near-infrared spectroscopy * Finally, it assesses the potential for future healthcare improvement in impoverished areas and how the United Nations/World Health Organization 2015 Sustainable Development Goals are approaching this. Written for physicians, infectious disease specialists, pathologists, radiologists, nurses, pharmacists and other health care workers, as well as government healthcare managers, Revolutionizing Tropical Medicine is a new up-to-date essential and realistic guide to treating and diagnosing patients in low-resource tropical countries based on new technologies.

Despite being highly preventable, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and cause of cancer death in women globally. In low-income countries, cervical cancer is often the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are at a particularly high risk of cervical cancer because of an impaired immune response to human papillomavirus, the obligate cause of virtually all cervical cancers. Globally, approximately 1 in 20 cervical cancers is attributable to HIV; in sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 1 in 5 cervical cancers is due to HIV. Here, the authors provide a critical appraisal of the evidence to date on the impact of HIV disease on cervical cancer risk, describe key methodologic issues, and frame the key outstanding research questions, especially as they apply to ongoing global efforts for prevention and control of cervical cancer. Expanded efforts to integrate HIV care with cervical cancer prevention and control, and vice versa, could assist the global effort to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem.

Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an underrecognized cause of illness in older adults. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis to estimate the RSV disease burden in adults ≥60 years in high‐income countries. Methods Data on RSV‐ARI and hospitalization attack rates and in‐hospital case fatality rates (hCFR) in adults ≥60 years from the United States, Canada, European countries, Japan, and South Korea were collected based on a systematic literature search (January 1, 2000–November 3, 2021) or via other methods (citation search, unpublished studies cited by a previous meta‐analysis, gray literature, and an RSV‐specific booklet). A random effects meta‐analysis was performed on estimates from the included studies. Results Twenty‐one studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled estimates were 1.62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84–3.08) for RSV‐ARI attack rate, 0.15% (95% CI: 0.09–0.22) for hospitalization attack rate, and 7.13% (95% CI: 5.40–9.36) for hCFR. In 2019, this would translate into approximately 5.2 million cases, 470,000 hospitalizations, and 33,000 in‐hospital deaths in ≥60‐year‐old adults in high‐income countries. Conclusions RSV disease burden in adults aged ≥60 years in high‐income countries is higher than previously estimated, highlighting the need for RSV prophylaxis in this age group.