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Recent research on employee silence has grown rapidly, but findings remain quantitatively unsynthesized. This paper presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of antecedents and outcomes associated with employee silence derived from a proposed framework (k = 168 independent samples, N = 63,134 employees). The results demonstrated that employee silence was related to various leader-related factors, individual dispositions, and job perceptions and beliefs. Moreover, employee silence was also associated with essential well-being, job attitudes, and performance-related outcomes. Dominance analyses revealed that shared antecedents exerted differentiated roles in predicting silence and voice. Specifically, antecedents that align with behavioral activation systems (e.g., autonomy) accounted for a large proportion of the explained variance in voice, whereas antecedents that align with behavioral inhibition systems (e.g., psychological safety) accounted for a large proportion of the explained variance in silence. Subsequent analyses showed that associations with employee silence varied depending on distinguishable forms of employee silence. Finally, three forms of employee silence exhibited significant and incremental effects on job attitudes, task performance, and organizational citizenship behavior, with employee voice being considered simultaneously. These results also indirectly clued that employee voice and silence were distinct constructs. Beyond providing estimates of population correlations, the study implications and directions for future research are also discussed.

Variation in habitat quality affects individual fitness through the accumulation of benefits and costs over time. Although an individual's fitness and susceptibility to mortality are consequences of these past experiences, current analytical models do not quantify the cumulative effects of resources, risks, and environmental conditions on survival. We developed the Survival and Habitat Quality model (SHQ), which redefines survival as a cumulative process and measures habitat quality by its aggregate effect on survival through time. SHQ is an autoregressive time‐series model that uses fine‐scale tracking data, remotely sensed environmental data, and computational power to quantify the cumulative effects of spatial variation in habitat quality on survival without relying on subjective, user‐defined lag effects. We tested SHQ on simulated data and on pronghorn data in South Dakota, USA. Compared to a traditional survival model, SHQ was more precise and accurate at estimating cumulative effects of habitat on survival. Using model output, we were also able to generate maps predicting areas of high and low pronghorn survival. SHQ is a conceptual and methodological advance that explicitly integrates individuals' day‐to‐day interactions with their surroundings to identify ultimate sources of mortality. The model is a novel and accurate tool for assessing habitat quality and identifying management actions that increase individual survival and population growth. More broadly, SHQ's flexible mathematical framework captures the full spatial and temporal scope of processes affecting survival, providing a powerful means for understanding the environmental basis of fitness.

This paper examines the properties of the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator when applied to a model with a non-linear relationship between outcome and a discrete regressor. I investigate what parameters OLS estimates in such a case, focusing on both level and incremental effects. The analysis reveals that the OLS estimand is a convex average of incremental effects, but weights can be negative for level effects and in the presence of neglected heterogeneity. An empirical application to a wage equation demonstrates these issues, highlighting the importance of using unrestricted models or carefully considering the limitations of OLS estimates in similar situations.

OBJECTIVE: Previous research has linked job insecurity to health deterioration. The risk accumulation model suggests that health effects of job insecurity may persist even after job security is restored, yet long-term empirical analyses are scarce. Our study evaluates the long-term effects of accumulated exposures to affective job insecurity on mental and physical health among the working-age population in Germany. METHOD: Using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (12 624 individuals; 84 219 observations), we applied panel regression models with individual fixed effects to assess short- and long-term health changes associated with affective job insecurity. Job insecurity was measured by respondents’ worries about job security. Mental and physical health was recorded with the SF-12 scale. RESULTS: Job insecurity correlated with short-term worsening in mental and physical health. However, after job insecurity ceased, health recovery was incomplete resulting in a long-term health deterioration. The long-term effects were larger among respondents who accumulated more instances of job insecurity, and showed a similar pattern for mental and physical health. An additional analysis documented stronger health effects of job insecurity among lower educated persons. CONCLUSION: Our study is one of the first to empirically demonstrate the negative long-term health effects of job insecurity. Our findings for a well-protected labor market like Germany’s, suggest that the health risks associated with job insecurity may be substantial and potentially underestimated by studies that focus solely on short-term effects.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical understanding germane to ethical climate’s contingent, nonlinear relationship with salesperson performance. While research shows a positive relationship between a firm’s ethical climate and salesperson performance, current examinations of this effect have been limited to linear hypothesizing and testing. The job demands-resource model, however, suggests that the relationship between ethical climate and salesperson performance is nonlinear. Design/methodology/approach To test the theorized nonlinear and moderated nonlinear relationships, the authors use a sample of 485 business-to-business salespeople and structural equations path modeling. Findings Results reveal an increasing incremental threshold effect between ethical climate and salesperson performance. Findings further support postulations that conditions which increase (e.g. competitive intensity) or decrease (e.g. role autonomy) the extent to which the sales environment is challenging correspondingly increase or decrease the magnitude of the nonlinearity. Research limitations/implications Because the study required variance in environmental-level (e.g. competitive intensity) and organizational-level (e.g. role autonomy) moderators, data used to test the hypotheses came from a cross-sectional, self-reported survey. Practical implications The results produce the managerial insight that there are increasing returns to salesperson performance as the ethical climate increases. Insights from the analysis of moderating conditions further inform managers that in highly competitive industries they should be especially attuned to their ethical climate. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the findings are the first to advance insight into ethical climate’s curvilinear and contingent salesperson performance implications. Furthermore, this study advances moderated nonlinear relationships suggested by theory.

The development of the construction industry has brought great convenience to people’s lives, but the problems of resource shortages and energy consumption are becoming more and more serious. In order to solve the problem of resource shortages and energy consumption, this paper puts forward an evaluation system of technical and economic benefits of green building energy conservation based on the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method. In view of the correlation between building technology and economic benefits, this paper puts forward the economic benefit evaluation system of green building energy-saving technology combined with analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight methods, determines 6 first-class evaluation indexes and 20 s-class evaluation indexes, and takes the dynamic incremental investment payback period and incremental economic benefit ratio as the evaluation indexes, and finally obtains the economic benefit score and star value of green building. Combined with the actual situation of a middle school project, the incremental economic benefits of the four green technologies in energy conservation and resource utilization indicators are 44,256.75 yuan, 1,015,924.2 yuan, 255,490 yuan and 32,871.57 yuan, respectively. The total incremental economic effect and unit incremental effect of the six evaluation indicators are 1,472,113.3 yuan and 1501.99 yuan/m2 respectively. The economic effect of energy-saving and renewable resource utilization technology is the largest. The total score of the project is 0.404902 and it has three stars. Compared with traditional building technology, the application of green building technology and related facilities and equipment proposed in this paper can greatly reduce the consumption of building resources, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation and emissions reduction. This method combines objective evaluation with subjective evaluation, complements fair objective evaluation and expert evaluation, makes the best use of all basic information, and ensures the scientific effectiveness of the comprehensive evaluation model.

Since developing and maintaining formally verified programs is an incremental activity, one is not only faced with the problem of constructing specifications, programs, and proofs, but also with the complex problem of determining what previous work remains valid following incremental changes. A system that reasons about changes must build a detailed model of each development and be able to apply its knowledge, the same kind of knowledge an expert would have, to integrate new or changed information into an existing model.

Incremental sheet forming of titanium and its alloys has a significant role in modern manufacturing techniques because it allows for the production of high-quality products with complex shapes at low production costs. Stamping processes are a major contributor to plastic working techniques in industries such as automotive, aerospace and medicine. This article reviews the development of the single-point incremental forming (SPIF) technique in titanium and its alloys. Problems of a tribological and microstructural nature that make it difficult to obtain components with the desired geometric and shape accuracy are discussed. Great emphasis is placed on current trends in SPIF of difficult-to-form α-, α + β- and β-type titanium alloys. Potential uses of SPIF for forming products in various industries are also indicated, with a particular focus on medical applications. The conclusions of the review provide a structured guideline for scientists and practitioners working on incremental forming of titanium and titanium alloy sheets. One of the ways to increase the formability and minimize the springback of titanium alloys is to treat them at elevated temperatures. The main approaches developed for introducing temperature into a workpiece are friction heating, electrical heating and laser heating. The selection of an appropriate lubricant is a key aspect of the forming process of titanium and its alloys, which exhibit unfavorable tribological properties such as high adhesion and a tendency to adhesive wear. A review of the literature showed that there are insufficient investigations into the synergistic effect of rotational speed and tool rotation direction on the surface roughness of workpieces.

As a combination of innovation and environmental development concepts, green innovation is of great significance to sustainable development. This article takes supply chain learning as an intermediary to examine the direct and indirect effects of green entrepreneurial orientation (GEO) on green innovation. This study builds a theoretical model among GEO, green incremental innovation, and green radical innovation, and uses empirical data from 416 enterprises in China for testing. The results show that corporate GEO has a positive impact on green incremental innovation and radical innovation. Supply chain learning has a significant positive effect on green incremental and radical innovation. In addition, corporate supply chain learning plays a mediating role in the relationship between GEO and green radical innovation, as well as plays a mediating role in the relationship between GEO and green incremental innovation. This study has an important contribution to enrich the theory of entrepreneurial orientation, green innovation, and supply chain learning, and is of great significance for managers to understand how to use GEO in the process of green innovation development.

A hybrid manufacturing process, deformation machining (DM) combines subtractive manufacturing with incremental forming. Monolithic components with complex profiles are created through the hybridization of manufacturing technologies, which also reduces the wastage of raw materials. The properties of geometry and surface quality of the fin made from the aluminum alloy Al-7075 T6 using the DM process’s bending mode was examined in this research, as were the effects of various approaches, toolpath methods, and tool design. To achieve the desired shape for the machined fin, various combinations of arcuate and slanting fin toolpath techniques were explored utilizing both top-down and bottom-up methods. The bottom-up method and the arcuate toolpath strategy were used to investigate various tool profiles. Using the best combination of toolpath strategy and tool profile, named as the T3 tool profile, which has a 0.6 mm nose radius and a circular sector, bottom-to-top (BTT)technique, and arcuate toolpath method, components with better geometrical features and surface roughness (SR) were produced. The analysis of the forming force in the bending approach of the DM progression was further carried out using this optimal combination.