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Electricity is currently one of the most popular sources of energy. Considering such widespread use of electric energy, we may ask, what is the economic cost of producing and supplying it? The climate crisis and the social pressure associated with it have triggered the necessity to make further investments in renewable and low-emission energy sources, while the COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly limited electricity consumption in industry. All these factors can have an impact on disruptions or loss in the liquidity of companies responsible for supplying electricity to end users. Guaranteeing cash flow for energy sector entities is a prerequisite for energy supply continuity. In this context, the selection and application of reliable sources of information are vital for the management of the financial liquidity of energy sector entities. The aim of this article is to prove the value of the financial information of individual (IFR) and consolidated financial statements (CFR) essential for the indicative liquidity assessment of Polish energy groups in 2018–2021. The hypothesis of this study is that individual and consolidated statements do not offer coincident analytical data due to the diversified role of their parent undertakings. We have applied indicative liquidity assessment analysis from a static and dynamic perspective to 2018–2021, on the basis of individual and consolidated financial statements. The results clearly show high dysfunction in the application of indicative liquidity assessment in the case of the individual financial statement of the parent company. This is mainly due to the role parent companies play in Polish energy sector groups, as they are mainly responsible for support processes.

This article considers the possibility of increasing the significance of long-term forecasts of the development of the FEC by taking into account the influence of its various industries on energy security (ES). This estimate is made using an integrated index which characterize the degree of deviation of specific ES indicators from their thresholds. Indicators characterizing the economic aspect of ES, which set depend on the considered perspective are proposed. Different methods of determining the maximal allowed values of the indicators are considered. Experimental calculation results are provided showing the interdependency of these values. It is showcased that the indicative analysis of thresholds must be preceded by the estimation of strategic ES threats and detecting the stable behavior region of the main forecast indicators.

Creation of a single European energy space is impossible without proper and rapid assessment of the level of energy supply of the country. Depending on the specifics of regional development, indicators for assessing the level of energy security are different. Therefore, the study of the methodology for assessing the current state of the resource supply of the multifaceted energy system of the country is an important and topical task of the country's management. The proposed methodology for an integrated assessment of the economic security level is characterized by the use of the multiplicative form of the integrated index and contains a number of additional recent indices; simultaneous normalization of indices and their threshold values by a common normalizing function; substantiation of the threshold value vector; as well as by a formalized definition of weighting factors, which allows to compare the dynamics of the integrated index with integrated threshold values on one scale, i.e. correctly identify the state of economic security. The theoretical approaches to the integrated assessment of the country's energy security level have been analyzed and summarized and an evaluation methodology has been proposed that differs from the previous ones in that it allows to assess in detail the energy security level in the regional context. The paper describes the results of developing a methodology for assessing Ukraine's energy security based on an indicative approach. The methodology for predicting threats to the country's energy security has been provided. The numerical values and data sources of Ukraine's energy security indices have been presented.

This paper proposes a two-stage approach to choose the priority municipal units for implementing required energy efficiency measures in a district heating system. On the first stage the existing state of district heating system of Irkutsk region (Eastern Siberia) was analysed. On the second stage the choice of municipal units is considered as the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) problem. The authors selected the most valuable criteria such as tariffs, subsidies and etc. that are rather sensitive for consumers and budget. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was applied to identify the priority municipal units for implementing energy efficiency measures.

The article suggests methodological approach to determining the level of social comfort of living of the population in the regions of Povolzhskiy Federal District (PFD). In order to provide better perception of the analysis there was built the cardiogram of the differences in the level of social comfort for the regions of PFD on the basis of modern GIS-technologies. According to the described methodology the methodical apparatus was suggested which is based on indicative analysis using natural assessments of the object (indicators). The structure of the system of indicators modeling the state and development of social comfort of living in the region is given. On the example of the Republic of Mordovia there was performed multivariate modeling of social comfort of living of the population. The modeling was made in three ways: by constructing an integral index based on the subjective evaluation of the region's residents, by combining subjective and objective information into a single indicator of social comfort of living of the population. Finally, we analyzed the dynamics of the level of social comfort of living of the population of the Republic of Mordovia in 1994-2013.

This article presents an evolution of theoretical and methodological approaches to the welfare study. Existing theories of wellbeing are grouped according to accounted method of goods and resources distribution among society members. As a welfare future as a category we highlight objective (measured) and subjective (estimated) components. Based on the analysis of scientific literature we determine the ratio of individual and social welfare. The main differences between the categories of “ welfare” and “wealth” are given. The main difference consists in multidirectional changes of welfare and wealth for an increase (decrease) in income of the individual (country). In this article we present an analysis of modern approaches to the definition of welfare: state, institutional and expendable approach. The welfare level estimation is complicated due to the need to consider the subjective component. The article provides an analysis of existing approaches to quantitative welfare evaluation ranging from the most common techniques (HDI, GDP) to alternative techniques (Happy Planet Index).Methodological devices are structured by levels of welfare assessment objects (world, country, region, people). Based on the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of methods we can conclude that the most reliable method is a comprehensive approach, which includes economic, environmental, social, vital and infrastructure indicators. The author’s approach to the formation of a complex methodological tool for individual and territory welfare estimation is presented in this article.

The article discusses the methodology used to assess the higher education system (for areas with the status of a constituent federal subject and similar) and the results of its application in the federal subjects of the Ural Federal District. Monitoring of the higher education system in Russian regions will use a set of indicators grouped into two blocks: operating Conditions and Infrastructure of the Higher Education System of the Russian Federal Subject; Education and Research in the Higher Education System of the Federal Subject. The research conducted showed that a more effective way to increase the quality of education is investment from government sources other then from non-government sources. In our opinion, it is because the major source of non-goverment financing is means of people paying for their education. Unfortunately, the main goal for the people is Diploma of Higher Education, while the education quality is not the priority. The solution to this problem lay at the heart of changing the priorities in the development of economy, and cannot be solved only by the Higher Education Authority. It should also be stated that the higher education retains a certain conservatism and despite the lack in financial support, regions with traditionally strong universities maintain their position in the quality of educational services during the twelve year period under consideration.

This article examines the infrastructure as one of the important elements of the economic system. Authors have considered the stages of formation of this concept in the scientific world, the ideas of a number of scientists on a role and place of infrastructure in the economic system are given. Short genesis of approaches to the description of infrastructure and to assignment of its functions to certain branches is created. The paper emphasized the importance of strengthening the infrastructural support to the transition of the economy to the machine mode of production. Two main methodological approaches describing the nature and content of infrastructure are allocated: branch-wise and functional. The author's technique of the assessment of infrastructure security of territories at the regional level is offered. A basis of this technique is the allocation of the set of special indicators which values allow to see the level of development of separate elements of infrastructure. Indicative analysis, which is the basis of the methods, allows to judge any phenomenon by comparing the current observed values with the previously accepted threshold levels. This comparison allows one to classify the observations on the scale of \"norm-pre-crisis-crisis\". The essential advantage of this method is the normalization of indicators, i.e. their reduction to one comparable conditional size. It allows to receive the assessment on certain blocks of indicators and a complex assessment on all set in general. Authors have allocated four basic elements of infrastructure, such as transport, communications and telecommunications, utilities and health care availability. In total, the technique includes 21 indicators. The results of approbatory calculations with the author's method have revealed shortcomings in the infrastructure development of the Ural region. The article is a brief analysis of the data with the accents on the individual indicators and areas.

In the article, an application of the approach, based on the methodology of the indicative analysis, to the modeling of a condition of the national wealth of the Russia’s regions is proved, its main advantages are shown. Research purposes are: to define a quality and development level of the national capital components of constituent territories of the Russian Federation (the natural and resource, physical and human capitals); and to identify the reasons of a developing situation; to define a contribution of each subject of the Russian Federation in the developing of the country’s national wealth; to contribute to the individual approach development of the management of components of the national capital for all the Russia’s regions. The methodic allowing to transform the different indicative indicators of various measure to a balance, and also to receive and differentiate integrated estimates of components of the national capital of each territorial subject of the Russian Federation according to the offered classification is given. As an example of the assessment results of the human capital of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation in 2011 (in the rating form) and diagrams of its changing for 2000-2011 in the Russian Federation’s subjects of the first and last places in rating are presented. The assessment mechanism of contribution of particular components of human capital to the development of its integrated assessment is given, and such opportunity is shown.