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Development in multidimensional self-regulation is important because it can be leveraged to enable healthy long-term adjustment. This four-wave study investigated longitudinal associations between two domains of adolescent self-regulation, specifically its cognitive (e.g., planning and decision-making) and emotional components (e.g., control of negative emotions). Participants included 500 adolescents (52% female; T1 Mage = 13.31 years; 76% White; average yearly family income > 100,000 USD). A random-intercepts cross-lagged panel model revealed that, once trait-level longitudinal stability in each regulatory component was controlled, there were small cross-lagged effects from cognitive self-regulation to later emotional self-regulation. Findings warrant additional future research that describes adolescents’ multidimensional self-regulation development and its antecedents, in part by appropriately distinguishing between intra- and inter-individual effects.

Global climate change requires species to adapt to increasing environmental variability, rising air and ocean temperatures and many other effects, including temperature associated phenological shifts. Species may adapt to such rapid changes by microevolutionary processes and/or phenotypic plasticity. The speed of microevolutionary adaptation may critically be enhanced by between-individual differences in phenotypic plasticity. However, such between-individual differences have rarely been shown, especially for long-lived and migratory species that appear particularly vulnerable to phenological shifts. Southern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome are migratory, long-lived seabirds with a ‘vulnerable’ conservation status. We studied clutch initiation date (CID) and investment into egg mass in individually marked females in response to broad-scale and local climate variables across 7 yr. We thereby distinguished within-individual and between-individual variation and tested the existence of between-individual differences in the expression of phenotypic plasticity. Because of both within-individual and between-individual variation, CID was significantly advanced under high Southern Annular Mode (SAM), reflecting colder environmental conditions and higher food availability. Total clutch mass increased under low local sea surface temperatures (significant within-individual effect) but was mostly accounted for by female identity. Intra-clutch egg-mass dimorphism was not affected by environmental variables at all. We found no indication of between-individual differences in phenotypic plasticity and overall, the expression of phenotypic plasticity appeared to be limited. This raises the question whether between-individual differences in phenotypic plasticity exist in other long-lived species and whether rockhopper penguins show sufficient phenotypic plasticity to adapt to predicted climate changes.

Aim We sought to understand how the individual and combined effects of multiple environmental change drivers differentially influence terrestrial nitrogen (N) concentrations and N pools and whether the interactive effects of these drivers are mainly antagonistic, synergistic or additive. Location Worldwide. Time period Contemporary. Major taxa studied Plants, soil, and soil microbes in terrestrial ecosystems. Methods We synthesized data from manipulative field studies from 758 published articles to estimate the individual, combined and interactive effects of key environmental change drivers (elevated CO2, warming, N addition, phosphorus addition, increased rainfall and drought) on plant, soil, and soil microbe N concentrations and pools using meta‐analyses. We assessed the influences of moderator variables on these effects through structural equation modelling. Results We found that (a) N concentrations and N pools were significantly affected by the individual and combined effects of multiple drivers, with N addition (either alone or in combination with another driver) showing the strongest positive effects; (b) the individual and combined effects of these drivers differed significantly between N concentrations and N pools in plants, but seldom in soils and microbes; (c) additive effects of driver pairs on N concentrations and pools were much more common than synergistic or antagonistic effects across plants, soils and microbes; and (d) environmental and experimental factors were important moderators of the individual, combined and interactive effects of these drivers on terrestrial N. Main conclusions Our results indicate that terrestrial N concentrations and N pools, especially those of plants, can be significantly affected by the individual and combined effects of environmental change drivers, with the interactive effects of these drivers being mostly additive. Our findings are important because they contribute to the development of models to better predict how altered N availability affects ecosystem carbon cycling under future environmental changes.

Performance differences between firms are generally attributed to organizational factors rather than to differences among the individuals who make up firms. As a result, little is known about the part that individual firm members play in explaining the variance in performance among firms. This paper employs a multiple membership cross-classified multilevel model to test the degree to which organizational or individual factors explain firm performance. The analysis also examines whether individual differences among middle managers or innovators best explain firm performance variation. The results indicate that variation among individuals matter far more in organizational performance than is generally assumed. Further, variation among middle managers has a particularly large impact on firm performance, much larger than that of those individuals who are assigned innovative roles.

Fixed effects are widely recognized as powerful econometric methods for heterogeneity analysis in panel data sets. Such as variable selection, parameter estimation and dimension reduction has been taken into account on linear assumptions in the existing research. However, the nonlinear constraints are just taken into account for Boolean check but not digital analysis. In this paper, a knowledge based fixed effect model has been proposed for nonlinear constraints with effect factors. Firstly, parameter has been well estimated following the expert knowledge for the nonlinear fitting in an abstract way. Secondly, the co-effect, time effect, and individual effects have been calculated by function separation. Lastly, the effectiveness of the knowledge based fixed effect model has been compared with the nonlinear method on a synthetic data.

This paper considers the estimation of Kumbhakar et al. (J Prod Anal, doi:10.1007/s11123-012-0303-1, 2012) (KLH) four random components stochastic frontier (SF) model using MLE techniques. We derive the loglikelihood function of the model using results from the closed-skew normal distribution. Our Monte Carlo analysis shows that MLE is more efficient and less biased than the multi-step KLH estimator. Moreover, we obtain closedform expressions for the posterior expected values of the random effects, used to estimate short-run and long-run (in)efficiency as well as random-firm effects. The model is general enough to nest most of the currently used panel SF models; hence, its appropriateness can be tested. This is exemplified by analyzing empirical results from three different applications.

Legal education plays an important role in cultivating the subjective elements of new quality productivity. This paper mainly uses two-way fixed effect model, individual effect and time effect, to empirically study the influence effect of legal education on the new quality productivity and its functioning mechanism, and to reasonably explain the empirical results in line with the logic of reality. Secondly, from the perspective of talent aggregation effect and talent ecological environment, the qualitative comparative analysis method of fuzzy set (fsQCA) was chosen to analyze the development path of legal talent-driven new quality productivity. It is found that no matter which fixed effect model, it can be obtained that the average increase of legal education index by 1%, the index of new quality productivity increases by about 21.3%, the effect of legal education on the development of new quality productivity is significant, and the effect of legal education empowering the development of new quality productivity is positive. Legal talent concentration and the talent ecosystem have positive feedback effects on the development of new industries.

This article studies non-parametric panel data models with multidimensional, unobserved individual effects when the number of time periods is fixed. I focus on models where the unobservables have a factor structure and enter an unknown structural function non-additively. The setup allows the individual effects to impact outcomes differently in different time periods and it allows for heterogeneous marginal effects. I provide sufficient conditions for point identification of all parameters of the model. Furthermore, I present a non-parametric sieve maximum likelihood estimator as well as flexible semiparametric and parametric estimators. Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate that the estimators perform well in finite samples. Finally, in an empirical application, I use these estimators to investigate the relationship between teaching practice and student achievement. The results differ considerably from those obtained with commonly used panel data methods.

This study explores the double-edged sword effect of FWAs on employee innovation performance based on the Demand–Resource–Individual Effect (DRIVE) model. A total of 411 valid questionnaires from knowledge-based employees were collected in three stages through a survey of technology-based companies in China. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 22 software, and multi-level linear model analysis was conducted to test the double mediating effect of psychological empowerment and role ambiguity and the moderating effect of role breadth self-efficacy. This study found that, in terms of the job demand path, flexible work arrangements (FWAs) increased employees’ role ambiguity, which in turn decreased their innovation performance; in terms of the job resource path, FWAs increased employees’ psychological empowerment, which in turn increased their innovation performance. From the perspective of individual differences, under the flexible work system, employees with high role breadth self-efficacy can enhance their psychological empowerment and reduce role ambiguity, thus promoting their innovation performance. This study is the first to analyze the “double-edged sword” effect of FWAs on employee innovation performance based on the DRIVE model, which effectively extends the moderating variable of role breadth self-efficacy in the model and helps to understand the impact of different types of FWAs on employee innovation performance. In addition, this study provides a reference for technology-based companies to strengthen their digital capabilities and regulation of FWAs, which is conducive to achieving sustainable business development.

Job role ambiguity is becoming more and more common due to the increase in telecommuting caused by the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to understand the internal mechanism of the association between role ambiguity and creativity, this study examined it in the context of the Demands–Resources–Individual Effects (DRIVE) model. Participants were employees from all walks of life in mainland China, with a total of 437 valid data. The results showed that role ambiguity had no significant direct effect on creativity but exerted a negative effect on creativity through the chain mediating effect of affective rumination and perceived stress. A good relationship with a supervisor helped employees reduce their affective rumination when faced with the pressure of role ambiguity. The results show that how employees perceive role ambiguity plays an essential role in determining the potency of the after-effect of role ambiguity. Resources from supervisors can help reduce the negative perception of ambiguous roles.