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A compact and triple-band polarization converting reflective type metasurface (PCRM) with a high polarization conversion ratio (PCR) is proposed for strategic wireless antenna-integrated applications. The unit cell of the metasurface is composed of S- and G-shaped patches separated with a parasitic gap and the grounded via is connected to the full ground plane. The unit cell is etched on an FR4 substrate (dielectric constant, εr = 4.4, loss tangent, tan δ = 0.02), with compact dimensions of 10 mm3 × 10 mm3 × 1.6 mm3. This structure provides a resonance at 5.2 (ISM), 6.9, and 8.05 GHz (X-band) frequencies. The designed unit cell structure is studied for Transverse Electric (TE)/Transverse Magnetic (TM) incident waves and their responses to the various incident angles. The corresponding PCR is calculated, which shows 92% in the lower frequency band (5.2 GHz), 93% in the second frequency band (6.9 GHz), and 94% in the high-frequency band (8.05 GHz). The total efficiency of the structure shows 83.2%, 62.95%, and 64.6% at the respective resonance bands. A prototype of the proposed PCRM with 3 × 3 unit cells is fabricated to validate the simulated results. The experimental data agrees with the simulation results. The compactness, triple-band operation with a high PCR value of more than 92% makes use of the designed metasurface in wireless antenna-integrated applications at ISM and X-bands.

In this paper, a circularly polarized printed monopole antenna (CPPMA) is proposed for medical microwave imaging and health monitoring applications. The proposed CPPMA is optimized to operate at the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band. A prototype of the designed antenna is fabricated and printed on the low-cost FR-4 substrate that has a compact size of 34 × 28 × 1.5 mm3. The simulated results indicate that the designed CPPMA operates between 2.425 GHz and 2.475 GHz while the measured results range between 2.32 GHz and 2.515 GHz. The designed CPPMA also reveals a circular polarization performance at 2.45 GHz (2.4386 GHz - 2.4633 GHz). The suitability of CPPMA for microwave imaging is confirmed by checking its aptitudes to detect the presence of breast tumors and brain strokes. A great detection capability is achieved for breast tumors and brain strokes of various sizes inserted at different positions with a high sensitivity to changes or anomalies in the dielectric properties of human tissues. In addition, the usefulness of the proposed CPPMA for wearable application is justified experimentally. Excellent agreement is achieved between the simulated results and the measured ones.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Communication between manufacturing robots and autonomous vehicles in the industrial environment is important, sinceinstructions and information are crucial for communication between the control station and the robot station. Information is required between different manufacturing robots for optimal performance and dedication to industrial tasks within the environment. Failures in communication could cause robots to be a safety hazard or to perform tasks that are not required. This article shows how communication was improved with the use of the Robotics Communication Protocol (RCP) and an extension of this protocol. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kommunikasie tussen vervaardigingsrobotte en outonome voertuie in ‘n industriële omgewing is belangrik, aangesien opdragte en inligting krities is vir kommunikasie tussen die beheerstasie en die robotstasie. Inligting word benodig tussen verskillende vervaardigingsrobotte vir optimale werkverrigting en toewyding aan take in die omgewing. Mislukte kommunikasie mag veroorsaak dat robotte ‘n veiligheidsrisiko word of veroorsaak dat onnodige take verrig word. Hierdie artikel toon hoe kommunikasie verbeter is deur die gebruik van die “robotika-kommunikasie-protokol” en ‘n uitbreiding van die protokol.

This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13λ02) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna’s behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing.

This paper proposes a low-profile textile-modified meander line Inverted-F Antenna (IFA) with variable width and spacing meanders, for Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM) 2.4-GHz Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN), optimized with a novel metaheuristic algorithm. Specifically, a metaheuristic known as Coral Reefs Optimization with Substrate Layer (CRO-SL) is used to obtain an optimal antenna for sensor systems, which allows covering properly and resiliently the 2.4–2.45-GHz industrial scientific medical bandwidth. Flexible pad foam has been used to make the designed prototype with a 1.1-mm thickness. We have used a version of the algorithm that is able to combine different searching operators within a single population of solutions. This approach is ideal to deal with hard optimization problems, such as the design of the proposed meander line IFA. During the optimization phase with the CRO-SL, the proposed antenna has been simulated using CST Microwave Studio software, linked to the CRO-SL by means of MATLAB implementation and Visual Basic Applications (VBA) code. We fully describe the antenna design process, the adaptation of the CRO-SL approach to this problem and several practical aspects of the optimization and details on the algorithm’s performance. To validate the simulation results, we have constructed and measured two prototypes of the antenna, designed with the proposed algorithm. Several practical aspects such as sensitivity during the antenna manufacturing or the agreement between the simulated and constructed antenna are also detailed in the paper.

A dual turn electrically coupled loop antenna is proposed to operate inside gastrointestinal capsules. The proposed structure is simple with a degree of freedom in design and compact size. In addition, it has low specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. Four different models have been designed to operate at industrial, scientific, medical (ISM) bands (433 MHz and 915 MHz). The first three antenna models with different sizes operate at the 433 MHz ISM band while the fourth antenna model operates at the 915 MHz ISM band. The primitive designs are performed by immersing the biocompatible-encapsulated prototypes inside the center of a cubic box of muscle phantom with an edge length of 100 mm. To mimic the realistic situation, the final designs were simulated inside a human torso model. As an experimental verification, a prototype has been fabricated and tested inside minced beef. The footprint size excluding the space in the core is 200 mm3. The peak SAR levels, averaged on 1 g, are 78.4, 51.8 and 81.67 W/kg for the three proposed antennas, respectively. The low SAR levels permit increasing the fed power to compensate medium losses in addition to obtain better imaging. The peak realized gains in muscle lie in the range of the other counterparts (− 19 dBi).

A Frequency-Selective Surface (FSS) is any thin, repetitive metal surface designed to reflect, transmit, or absorb electromagnetic radiation according on the frequency of the wave. The entering plane wave will either be transmitted (passband) or reflected back (stopband) depending on the characteristics of the unit cell. This happens when the frequency of an electromagnetic (EM) wave coincides with the resonance frequency of the FSS components. As a result, an FSS is a spatial filter capable of allowing or inhibiting EM waves of a certain frequency range in free space. FSSs have now been widely investigated, and great progress is being made in the field of their design and implementation for a wide range of practical applications, from microwave to optical frequencies. The Frequency Selective Surface attached to the new center-fed circular patch antenna is presented. A wide band from 5 GHz to 6.2 GHz is achieved with a monopole-like radiation pattern. According to simulation results of the proposed antenna structure, it can be applied in ISM band applications, wireless audio and video systems and other wireless communications at 5.8 GHz. It has a simulated maximum gain of 5.36 dBi and a bandwidth of 31.1 %. Throughout the operational band, the omnidirectional radiation pattern is fairly constant. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 27.34 27.34 mm2 including FSS structure thus makes a compactable wideband system at 5.8 GHz. A circular patch antenna with diamond slot at center initialize first resonance at 5.8 GHz with a dimension of 20 20 mm2 and performance parameter is further improved by appending FSS Structure.

In this paper, we used SOPC to develop WSN Control Center to be monitored by Telecom and Datacom. We design the Wireless/Wired Board to receive sensing data from wireless sensor network and through DM9000A Ethernet to provide network monitor over Internet. Especially, WSN Control Center use GSM/GPRS modem to do the emergency reports by Telecom. In the software Design, we programming and immigrating of uClinux Kernel 2.6 OS and the developing of CC1100 WSN application, the system can control and transmit sensing data in the wireless sensor network. This module can be established in communication protocol of the wireless temperature sensors. The data is interpreted by the uClinux OS will appear on the screen and Seven-segment Display; moreover, this system can be applied to the output seven segment LED, and through the connection of Ethernet. Our architecture provides a high degree of scalability and flexibility. It can connect to the Internet, so as to collect the sensor data in the SOPC embedded system, and it can be accessed at anywhere in the world.

This chapter describes the implanted antennas to be applied to medical situations. One is the PIFA loaded onto a cardiac pacemaker for use in the 400MHz Medical Implant Communications Service (MICS) band; another one is the helical dipole antenna for the industrial scientific medical (ISM) band. It evaluates the implanted antenna models were numerically analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the antenna characteristics. The chapter analyzes the antenna characteristics of an antenna implanted in a multilayer medium model. Moreover, implanted antennas were buried into high-resolution numerical human models and the effectiveness of these antennas and the validity of the multilayered structure model were investigated by numerical analysis. As a result, it is possible to use these implantable antennas for health care wireless communication systems.

Continuous monitoring and treatment of various diseases with biomedical technologies and wearable electronics has become significantly important. The healthcare area is an important, evolving field that, among other things, requires electronic and micro-electromechanical technologies. Designed circuits and smart devices can lead to reduced hospitalization time and hospitals equipped with high-quality equipment. Some of these devices can also be implanted inside the body. Recently, various implanted electronic devices for monitoring and diagnosing diseases have been presented. These instruments require communication links through wireless technologies. In the transmitters of these devices, power amplifiers are the most important components and their performance plays important roles. This paper is devoted to collecting and providing a comprehensive review on the various designed implanted amplifiers for advanced biomedical applications. The reported amplifiers vary with respect to the class/type of amplifier, implemented CMOS technology, frequency band, output power, and the overall efficiency of the designs. The purpose of the authors is to provide a general view of the available solutions, and any researcher can obtain suitable circuit designs that can be selected for their problem by reading this survey.