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This article analyses the vowel in the illative marker of monosyllabic nouns which usually copies the quality of the stem vowels. The data come from different questionnaires recorded by Soikkola Ingrian speakers in the 21st century. The main point of interest is the contradiction between the fact that the vowel in the illative marker copies the stem vowel and the fact that existing descriptions often indicate raising of mid vowels in the stem but not in the illative suffix. Both auditory analysis and acoustic measurements are used to check the correspondence between the quality of the stem and suffix vowels in the illative forms of monosyllabic nouns. The research reveals that there is both interspeaker and intraspeaker variation in the quality of the vowels under discussion, and several different strategies can be used for building the illative marker. The rounded stem vowels öö and oo are opposed to the unrounded ee: if raised in the stem, the latter does not influence the quality of the suffix vowel. In most cases, the quality of the rounded stem and suffix vowels is the same, so a transcription where these vowels are denoted differently is not justified. Pronunciations where both the stem and suffix vowels are half-raised argue for an alternative variant of the Soikkola Ingrian phonological system.

This article discusses verbs of change that allow a formally transitive construal that, nevertheless, has anticausative semantics. Verbs forming such “transitive anticausatives” (e.g., The water raised its temperature ) also form canonical anticausatives (cf. The temperature of the water rose ). Such verbs differ from verbs that only form canonical anticausatives (cf. The water warmed ) in that they do not lexicalize a fixed scale along which they measure change, so that the DP merged in the internal argument position of these verbs (a DP denoting a property concept like the temperature ) can determine the actual scale of change. When these verbs form canonical anticausatives, the entity undergoing change along this scale is realized as the possessor of this internal argument DP. When these verbs form transitive anticausatives, the entity undergoing the change is realized in the verb’s canonical external argument position, where it is, however, not assigned any external argument role. Instead, as in the canonical anticausative variant, it is interpreted as the possessor of the internal argument DP. This possessive relation is overtly reflected in English and other languages where the subject of the transitive anticausative construal binds a possessive pronoun in the internal argument DP. After an illustration of the phenomenon in typologically different languages, the article lays out the above semantic properties of the transitive anticausative construal and the verbs occurring in it. It then subsumes transitive anticausatives under the theory of the causative alternation in Alexiadou et al. ( 2006 , 2015 ) and Schäfer ( 2008 ). Particular attention is, thereby, given to the morphological marking that sets apart, in many languages, the lexical causative and the anticausative variant of (a subset of) alternating verbs (cf. English raise / rise ). Transitive anticausatives show a theoretically challenging but informative behavior here. Even though the transitive anticausative construal expresses anticausative semantics, its verb necessarily features the morphological marking that is canonically associated with its lexical causative use. This suggests that the morphological difference often found between pairs of lexical causative and anticausative verbs is only indirectly related to causative and anticausative semantics but is ultimately determined by more abstract, syntactic properties.

The morphology of the contact surface between cast-in-place engineering structures and soil is generally random. Previous research focusing on the shear mechanical properties of soil–concrete interfaces has predominantly concentrated on the role of interface roughness by constructing regular concrete surface types, largely neglecting the potential impact of the roughness morphology (i.e., the morphology of the concrete surface). In this study, concrete blocks with the same interface roughness and different roughness morphologies were constructed based on the sand-cone method, including random rough surface, triangular groove surface, rectangular groove surface, trapezoid groove surface, and semicircular groove surface. A series of direct shear tests were conducted on the rough and smooth sand–concrete interfaces, as well as on natural sand. Through these tests, we examined the shear mechanical behavior and strength of the sand–concrete interfaces, and analyzed the underlying shear mechanisms. The results showed that: (i) the interface morphology had little effect on the variation in the shear stress–displacement curve of sand–concrete interfaces, and it had a significant influence on the shear strength of the interfaces; (ii) under the same normal stress, the shear strength of the sand–concrete interfaces with a random rough surface was the greatest, followed by the triangular groove surface, while the shear strength of the rectangular groove surface proved the lowest; (iii) the shear strength of the sand–concrete interfaces with the same roughness was affected by the size of the contact area between the concrete plane and the sand, that is, a larger contact area correlated with a decrease in shear strength. It can be concluded that the shear strength value of a sand–concrete surface with the triangular groove is the closest to the shear strength of a random rough interface. By gaining a deep understanding of the effects of different contact surface morphologies on shear strength and shear behavior, significant insights can be provided for optimizing engineering design and enhancing engineering performance.

Friction-assisted plastic deformation at the joint interface is essential for achieving the desired joint properties in dissimilar friction stir lap welding (FSLW) of aluminum alloy (Al) with steel (Fe). This plastic deformation can be precisely controlled by using an adjustable tool, where shoulder and probe rotation speeds are independently controlled. This study explores the effect of microstructure evolution and probe rotation speed on the weld’s interface morphology and tensile properties of FSLW joints between an aluminum alloy and steel using an adjustable tool. Microstructure evolution is influenced by inherent material properties and process-induced stress inhomogeneity. Grain refinement in Fe is more gradual compared to Al, which exhibits a homogenous microstructure. Lower probe rotation speeds lead to more significant grain refinement in Al, while increasing probe rotation speeds promote the formation of intermetallic compounds. An intercalated structure with varying fractions and morphology is observed across the joint interface in all welds. The controlled evolution of microstructure and the differences in intercalated structure formation at the weld interface are attributed to variations in shear strength. This study demonstrates the ability of an adjustable tool to tailor the microstructure and tensile properties of FSLW joints, providing a promising approach for enhancing joint performance in dissimilar metal joining applications.

In the 12 years since the impoundment of Xiangjiaba Reservoir, 28 bank slopes have deformed and necessitated remediation due to reservoir impoundment. This study conducted a statistical analysis of the distribution and types of the 28 deformed bank slopes, revealing that significant proportion of the deformed slopes are red-bed deposits with straight-line deposit-bedrock interfaces. To reveal the deformation mechanism of bank slopes with straight line deposit-bedrock interfaces, two red-bed deposits (D4 deposit and D8 deposit) with significantly different deformation characteristics were selected as study objects. Engineering geological investigations found differences in both the dip angle of the deposit-bedrock interface and the deposit materials between the two deposits. Surface displacement monitoring showed that the displacement curve of D4 deposit exhibited a step-like pattern, while that of D8 deposit exhibited a continuous growth pattern. The numerical simulation results showed that when a high water level is maintained, gentler deposit-bedrock interface dip angles are more likely to result in a safety factor falling below the initial value; when the water level drops, lower permeability coefficients lead to greater decreases in the safety factor. The comprehensive analysis suggested that the core difference in deformation between the two deposits lies in the dip angle of the deposit-bedrock interface. A steeper deposit-bedrock interface leads to deformation primarily controlled by seepage forces during the water level drop, while a gentler interface induces continuous deformation due to the synergistic action of buoyant force and seepage force. The research findings can provide theoretical and technical support for reservoir bank disaster prevention and control, as well as engineering remediation in the Jinsha River basin and similar red-bed reservoir areas.

During waterflooding, spontaneous imbibition is a fundamental recovery mechanism in fractured reservoirs. A large number of numerical and experimental studies have been devoted to understand the interaction mechanism between the matrix and the fractures at the core scale under various boundary conditions. Little attention has been paid, however, to the effect of microfractures on pore-scale spontaneous imbibition. In this study, five models with various types of microfractures, embedded in the same porous matrix, are used to investigate their role in counter-current spontaneous imbibition, using an optimized color-gradient lattice Boltzmann method. During the entire counter-current imbibition, the influence of the microfractures on the macro-recovery of the non-wetting fluid and the two-fluid interfaces, including the initial and local dynamics of the interfaces, and the evolution of the interface morphology, is analyzed in detail. The results indicate that microfractures have little influence on both the interfacial dynamics at the initial stage and the local interface dynamics in the matrix. The evolution of the interface morphology is, however, controlled by the geometric shape of the microfractures. In addition, the microfractures improve significantly the recovery of oil. The length of a single microfracture and the bifurcation angle of a microfracture bifurcated into two other microfractures affect significantly the recovery curve by influencing the evolution of the two-phase interface.

The material surface was sinusoidally textured using nanosecond laser processing technology, and Ni-based MoS 2 coatings were applied to the resultant surfaces via plasma spray. The adhesion of the coating was investigated through separate adhesion tests to assess the impact of retaining the fusion-sputtered splash bulges and subsequently grinding them off. The coating's cross-sectional microstructure and fracture morphology were characterized to investigate its deposition and fracture mechanisms. The comparison of textured surfaces with and without bulges has shown that the exposed plain areas diminish the coating's adhesion. Furthermore, the splash bulge also significantly affects the adhesion. Fracture analysis has demonstrated that the mixed failure mode is dominated by no uplift, and adhesive failure occurs in practically all plain areas. By analyzing specimen cross-sectional morphologies and extracting coating morphological features in and around the splash bulge, several aspects, such as filling and spreading mode, the state of sprayed droplets, porosity comparison, and crack formation mechanism and distribution, were investigated. Finally, it was concluded that the excessive or large splash bulges detrimentally impact the bonding properties of the coating.

This study investigated the interface morphology and mechanical properties of titanium (TP 270C)/duplex stainless steel (SUS 821L1) near the lower limit of the explosive welding window. Seven samples with different welding parameters near the lower limit of the welding window were evaluated; the interface morphology was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), computed tomography (CT), and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation. The jet, interface shape, and temperature at the interface were obtained by simulation, demonstrating consistent interface shapes in the experimental results and simulation results. The energy produced at the interface was proportional to the element diffusion area. To assess the differences in mechanical properties between each sample, tensile shear tests and 90 bending tests were conducted. The results revealed that the sample with an average wavelength of 270 µm and an average amplitude of 62 µm had the best tensile properties. Furthermore, the maximum tensile strength was about 503 MP. In the bending test, samples with an average wavelength of 118–270 µm and an average amplitude of 20–62 µm showed no cracks at the welding interface after bending; however, cracks appeared at both large and no-wave interfaces.

Laser surface texturing is generally a promising approach to enhance the adhesion property of a metal-thermoplastic hybrid structure, and the effect is related to groove configuration. Laser joining of a carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composite to a 6061 Al alloy under various groove configurations was carried out, aimed to investigate the effect of groove width and depth on interfacial morphology, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of CFRTP/Al joints. Tensile shear force was tested, and fracture surface and interface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, the numerical simulation of the temperature field was conducted to reveal the joining mechanism. The results indicate that the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint gradually increases with the increase of groove width and reaches a peak value of 22.8 MPa when the width is 0.5 mm. As the groove width is further increased, the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint decreases. Compared to groove width, the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint presents a similar variation trend with the increasing groove depth on the Al alloy surface. When the groove depth reaches 0.6 mm, the maximum joint strength is 24.33 MPa. After the Al alloy is laser-textured, the surface fracture mode of the CFRTP/Al laser joint features a mixed fracture mode including a cohesive fracture and an interface fracture. This study provides a deeper understanding of the effect of groove configuration on the laser joining of the CFRTP/Al hybrid structure and potentially lays a foundation for the adjustment of a suitable groove configuration toward obtaining the desired effect.

Dissimilar components composed of CFRTP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer) and TC4 titanium alloy are increasingly applied in the aerospace field. The scanning mode offers a significant influence on the quality of laser joining joint between CFRTP and TC4 titanium alloy. Therefore, the laser joining between TC4 titanium alloy with surface microgrooves and CFRTP has been implemented under oscillating laser joining mode and linear laser joining mode respectively in the present research. The temperature distribution is qualitatively explored based on the established mathematical model of laser joining between CFRTP and TC4 titanium alloy. The interface morphology and the joining strength of CFRTP/TC4 titanium alloy lap joints under oscillating laser joining and linear laser joining are compared. The results indicate that the simulated temperature distribution shows good agreement with the experimental results. Compared with linear laser joining, the oscillating laser joining weakens the heat concentration and creates a heating zone with larger area and more uniform temperature distribution. The interface morphology of laser joining CFRTP/TC4 titanium alloy joints obtained by oscillating laser joining presents better resin filling and fewer bubble defects due to the temperature variation of the form of unequal amplitude oscillations, with the resin filling ratio of 92.20% and the porosity of 3.78%. In contrast, the linear laser scanning mode with a large number of large-sized bubbles in the filling resin and small-sized fusion gaps distributed at the interface holds a resin filling rate of 60.11% and a porosity of 32.89%. By adopting the joining method with oscillating laser scanning mode, higher quality joints can be obtained with the joining strength of 24.48 MPa.