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This study aimed to clarify issues in subject pedagogy research by examining changes in research methods over time, with a focus on articles published in academic association journals. To identify the research methods used, we extracted data from articles published by academic associations within the Consortium for Subject Pedagogy. Using a common subject framework to classify research methods, we examined the methodologies through data analysis and a literature review. The results showed that (1) research methods varied by subject, and classifications that were valid in one subject society were not optimal for others; (2) theoretical-philosophical research has been common in mathematics but less so in social studies, geography, and home economics; (3) practical-development and empirical-experiential research have been common across subjects; (4) critical inquiry is an important step beyond traditional approaches; (5) individualistic and traditional-technical approaches are important in subject pedagogy, and recognition of their significance remains a future challenge.

Human action recognition is still an uncertain computer vision problem, which could be solved by a robust action descriptor. As a solution, we proposed an action recognition descriptor using only the 3D skeleton joint’s points to perform this unsettle task. Joint’s point interrelationships and frame-frame interrelationships are presented, which is a solution backbone to achieve human action recognition. Here, many joints are related to each other, and frames depend on different frames while performing any action sequence. Joints point spatial information calculates using angle, joint’s sine relation, and distance features, whereas joints point temporal information estimates from frame-frame relations. Experiments are performed over four publicly available databases, i.e., MSR Daily Activity 3D Dataset, UTD Multimodal Human Action Dataset, KARD- Kinect Activity Recognition Dataset, and SBU Kinect Interaction Dataset, and proved that proposed descriptor outperforms as a comparison to state-of-the-art approaches on entire four datasets. Angle, Sine relation, and Distance features are extracted using interrelationships of joints and frames (ASD-R). It is all achieved due to accurately detecting spatial and temporal information of the Joint’s points. Moreover, the Support Vector Machine classifier supports the proposed descriptor to identify the right classification precisely.

The creation of an object by selective laser melting (SLM) occurs by melting contiguous areas of a powder bed according to a corresponding digital model. It is therefore clear that the success of this metal Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology relies on the comprehension of the events that take place during the melting and solidification of the powder bed. This study was designed to understand the generation of the laser spatter that is commonly observed during SLM and the potential effects that the spatter has on the processing of 316L stainless steel, Al-Si10-Mg, and Ti-6Al-4V. With the exception of Ti-6Al-4V, the characterization of the laser spatter revealed the presence of surface oxides enriched in the most volatile alloying elements of the materials. The study will discuss the implication of this finding on the material quality of the built parts.

Chieftainship and land disputes are common among Black communities lately. We frequently hear about the dispute cases in courts about chieftainship and land which often leads to tensions and fights among the communities (for example, Bapedi Marota Mamone v Commission on Traditional Leadership Disputes and Claims, 2014; Thulare v Thulare and Others, 2022; Mphepu-Ramabulana Royal Family v Premier Limpopo Province and others). Previously, these disputes were resolved through African traditional courts using African customary laws. As an ancient legal system, African customary law preserved the customs and socio-economy of communities (Bekker, 1989). Presently the kingship and chieftainship disputes are resolved through South African legal laws and often cause tensions and instabilities in the communities. This study investigated the interrelationships and chieftainship of Selwane I’s sons and their descendants. Data was collected from the literature about the Batau tribe with specific reference to Batau Ba-Mashite, Batau Ba-Manganeng and Batau Ba-Selwana, web articles, documents and records from the Batau in focus. The historical research method was employed to collect data and was analysed by content analysis. The themes emanating from the analysis included (a) the wives and sons of Selwana I, (b) the succession of the Selwana I chieftainship throne, (c) roles and practices of the chieftainship successors, and (d) the interrelationships and chieftainship between Batau Ba-Mashite and Batau Ba-Manganeng and Batau Ba Ba-Selwana. The study uncovered that Selwane I, gave birth to Tsemoleng from his first wife and Moopong from his second wife. The study also found that the two sons of Selwana I, attained chieftainships through violence as opposed to through lineage approach (Ntsoana & Manthwa, 2021). Furthermore, the study revealed that Batau Ba-Mashite and Batau Ba-Manganeng lived together in harmony until tension broke between Madiga II and Phaswane II. Furthermore, the research study found that Selwane I clans practised independent initiation schools. The study encourages Batau Ba-Mashite and Batau Ba-Manganeng to resolve their chieftainship and land disputes through traditional courts rather than taking these to the adversarial system where the winner takes all and thus, causing tensions and instabilities in the communities. The innovative dimension of this research lies in its aspirations to uncover previously uncharted facts of Selwane I descendants, thus laying the foundation for further explorations.

The implementation of integrated flood risk management (IFRM) is still in its infancy in both developed and developing countries, yet some countries have already encountered barriers to IFRM adaptation. The interrelationships between these barriers need to be determined and analyzed systematically, as such an analysis is the groundwork for decision-making when devising solutions to overcome the barriers. Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is a popular and systematic method for analyzing the interrelationship between variables in broad study areas. This study applies the proposed expanded ISM (Ex-ISM) approach to comprehensively analyze the interrelationships between the barriers to IFRM in Metro Manila. Ex-ISM enhances conventional ISM in that the symbolism is modified to explicitly show the contextual interrelationships, the step for hierarchy assignment is simplified, and the diagram shows all of the interrelationships that allow a comprehensive analysis. The results obtained using the Ex-ISM method do not deviate from those yielded by the conventional ISM method, but the Ex-ISM method allows an easy assignment of hierarchy, and it shows not only the direct but also the indirect interrelationships to provide a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between the barriers.

The global decline in biodiversity has generated concern over the consequences for ecosystem functioning and services. Although ecosystem functions driven by soil microorganisms such as plant productivity, decomposition, and nutrient cycling are of particular importance, interrelationships between plant diversity and soil microorganisms are poorly understood. We analyzed the response of soil microorganisms to variations in plant species richness (1–60) and plant functional group richness (1–4) in an experimental grassland system over a period of six years. Major abiotic and biotic factors were considered for exploring the mechanisms responsible for diversity effects. Further, microbial growth characteristics were assessed following the addition of macronutrients. Effects of plant diversity on soil microorganisms were most pronounced in the most diverse plant communities though differences only became established after a time lag of four years. Differences in microbial growth characteristics indicate successional changes from a disturbed (zymogeneous) to an established (autochthonous) microbial community four years after establishment of the experiment. Supporting the singular hypothesis for plant diversity, the results suggest that plant species are unique, each contributing to the functioning of the belowground system. The results reinforce the need for long-term biodiversity experiments to fully appreciate consequences of current biodiversity loss for ecosystem functioning.

Honey bees and beekeeping belong to a large enterprise where the managers are the beekeepers, the workers are the bees, and the products generated are ecosystem goods and services, mostly intangible. Evidence for a reduction in the number of pollinating insects in the planet due to causes that are still being studied has put the spotlight on beekeeping activity and bees (wild and managed) due to their extraordinary capacity to contribute to pollination. The aim of the present work was to detect, identify, and analyze the set of environmental, socioeconomic, and sociocultural utilities (goods and services) generated by honey bees and beekeeping in order to identify possible interrelationships between them. The aim was to demonstrate that these utilities, far from being watertight, are interconnected, which will help to increase their value and highlight their positive externalities (genetic diversity and landscape, among others). This research begins with an overview of some seminal articles, published mainly in the last three years, which were searched following a review using keywords in major databases. After reading the seminal articles and others that were referenced, we analyzed the main utilities generated by honey bees and the possible relationships between them. The main contribution of our results is the determination that the generated utilities are interrelated, which could contribute to increasing their value. In addition, we found that, of the three interrelated dimensions, the socioeconomic dimension encompasses the environmental and sociocultural dimensions. The article ends by proposing future lines of research.

This paper aims to comprehensively examine the interrelationships between sustainable tourism, diseases, and tourism. In several previous publications, the authors explore the connection between pandemics and their impact on socio-economic development, including the tourism sector. Such an approach is crucial, as the pursuit of sustainable development (in its various aspects) requires analyzing and forecasting the influences of pandemics and tourism, both individually and interdependently. In this context, the paper represents an attempt at a theoretical examination of these interrelations, with the authors supporting their arguments with relevant examples where appropriate.

Sponges (Porifera) are a key component of many coral reef ecosystems. In some biogeographic regions, they are considered the dominant benthic fauna and they have the capacity to fulfil many similar roles to reef-building scleractinians. Certainly, sponges predominate at depth, below the critical thresholds of most coral species. The biological and physical attributes of these biogenic communities contribute essential resources for many reef-associated fishes. However, while fish–sponge interactions have been widely documented, there is no global synthesis of the literature on these interrelationships from the perspective of fish ecology. Here we evaluate coral reef fish–sponge relationships, including the role of sponges in providing food and shelter for fishes, the influence fishes have on sponge distribution and abundance and possible outcomes of climate change on fish–sponge interactions. To date, 16 fish families have been shown to associate with 56 different sponge genera, using them as either a source of shelter (n = 17) or a food source (n = 50), although methodologies for the latter currently lack consistency. We demonstrate that a more comprehensive understanding of fish–sponge interactions has been garnered from tropical Atlantic coral reefs, which has resulted in a strong biogeographic bias. While it is evident that in some areas of the Caribbean fish are key in shaping the distribution and abundance of sponges, it is not yet known whether this conclusion applies to the Indo-Pacific. With increasing stresses such as bleaching events impacting coral reef ecosystems, further work is needed to evaluate whether sponges can fulfil similar functional roles to those previously provided by reef-building scleractinians. Similarly, determining whether sponge expansion will compensate for the negative effects of reef degradation, or contribute to their decline, is vital.

An array of eight long Ti-6Al-4V rods (diameter: 12 mm; height: 300 mm) have been additively manufactured, vertically and perpendicular to the powder bed, by selective electron beam melting (SEBM). The purpose was to identify and understand the challenges of fabricating Ti-6Al-4V samples or parts from a deep powder bed (more than 200-mm deep) by SEBM and the necessity of applying post heat treatment. The resulting microstructure and mechanical properties of these Ti-6Al-4V rods were characterized along their building ( i.e., axial) direction by dividing each rod into three segments (top, middle, and bottom), both before ( i.e., as-built) and after hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The as-built microstructure of each rod was inhomogeneous; it was coarsest in the top segment, which showed a near equilibrium α - β lamellar structure, and finest in the bottom segment, which featured a non-equilibrium mixed structure. The tensile properties varied along the rod axis, especially the ductility, but all tensile properties met the requirements specified by ASTM F3001-14. HIP increased the relative density from 99.03 pct of the theoretical density (TD) to 99.90 pct TD and homogenized the microstructure thereby leading to highly consistent tensile properties along the rod axis. The temperature of the stainless steel substrate used in the powder bed was monitored. The as-built inhomogeneous microstructure is attributed to the temperature gradient in the deep powder bed. Post heat treatment is thus necessary for Ti-6Al-4V samples or parts manufactured from a deep powder bed by SEBM. This differs from the additive manufacturing of small samples or parts from a shallow powder bed (less than 100-mm deep) by SEBM.