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Background Xylitol, a white or transparent polyol or sugar alcohol, is digestible by colonic microorganisms and promotes the proliferation of beneficial bacteria and the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but the mechanism underlying these effects remains unknown. We studied mice fed with 0%, 2% (2.17 g/kg/day), or 5% (5.42 g/kg/day) (weight/weight) xylitol in their chow for 3 months. In addition to the in vivo digestion experiments in mice, 3% (weight/volume) (0.27 g/kg/day for a human being) xylitol was added to a colon simulation system (CDMN) for 7 days. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing, beneficial metabolism biomarker quantification, metabolome, and metatranscriptome analyses to investigate the prebiotic mechanism of xylitol. The representative bacteria related to xylitol digestion were selected for single cultivation and co-culture of two and three bacteria to explore the microbial digestion and utilization of xylitol in media with glucose, xylitol, mixed carbon sources, or no-carbon sources. Besides, the mechanisms underlying the shift in the microbial composition and SCFAs were explored in molecular contexts. Results In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we found that xylitol did not significantly influence the structure of the gut microbiome. However, it increased all SCFAs, especially propionate in the lumen and butyrate in the mucosa, with a shift in its corresponding bacteria in vitro. Cross-feeding, a relationship in which one organism consumes metabolites excreted by the other, was observed among Lactobacillus reuteri , Bacteroides fragilis , and Escherichia coli in the utilization of xylitol. At the molecular level, we revealed that xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.14), xylulokinase (EC 2.7.1.17), and xylulose phosphate isomerase (EC 5.1.3.1) were key enzymes in xylitol metabolism and were present in Bacteroides and Lachnospiraceae . Therefore, they are considered keystone bacteria in xylitol digestion. Also, xylitol affected the metabolic pathway of propionate, significantly promoting the transcription of phosphate acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.8) in Bifidobacterium and increasing the production of propionate. Conclusions Our results revealed that those key enzymes for xylitol digestion from different bacteria can together support the growth of micro-ecology, but they also enhanced the concentration of propionate, which lowered pH to restrict relative amounts of Escherichia and Staphylococcus. Based on the cross-feeding and competition among those bacteria, xylitol can dynamically balance proportions of the gut microbiome to promote enzymes related to xylitol metabolism and SCFAs. CGRfu2_UbvGGd6F7x5LTJk Video Abstract

As the leading cause of cancer death, lung cancer seriously endangers human health and quality of life. Although many studies have reported the intestinal microbial composition of lung cancer, little is known about the interplay between intestinal microbiome and metabolites and how they affect the development of lung cancer. Herein, we combined 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology to analyze intestinal microbiota composition and serum metabolism profile in a cohort of 30 lung cancer patients with different stages and 15 healthy individuals. Compared with healthy people, we found that the structure of intestinal microbiota in lung cancer patients had changed significantly (Adonis, p = 0.021). In order to determine how intestinal flora affects the occurrence and development of lung cancer, the Spearman rank correlation test was used to find the connection between differential microorganisms and differential metabolites. It was found that as thez disease progressed, L-valine decreased. Correspondingly, the abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 , the genus with the strongest association with L-valine, also decreased in lung cancer groups. Correlation analysis showed that the gut microbiome and serum metabolic profile had a strong synergy, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 was closely related to L-valine. In summary, this study described the characteristics of intestinal flora and serum metabolic profiles of lung cancer patients with different stages. It revealed that lung cancer may be the result of the mutual regulation of L-valine and Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006 through the aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathway, and proposed that L-valine may be a potential marker for the diagnosis of lung cancer.

Antithrombin III is an important anticoagulant factor with anti-inflammatory properties. However, few studies have explored its anti-inflammatory actions in ATIII overexpressed transgenic animals. In this study, the dairy goats with mammary overexpression of ATIII were used to investigate their general health, milk quality and particularly their response to inflammatory challenge. The results showed that transgenic goats have a normal phenotype regarding their physiological and biochemical parameters, including whole blood cells, serum protein levels, total cholesterol, urea nitrogen, uric acid, and total bilirubin, compared to the WT. In addition, the quality of milk also improved in transgenic animals compared to the WT, as indicated by the increased milk fat and dry matter content and the reduced somatic cell numbers. Under the stimulation of an LPS injection, the transgenic goats had elevated contents of IGA, IGM and superoxide dismutase SOD, and had reduced proinflammatory cytokine release, including IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β. A 16S rDNA sequencing analysis also showed that the transgenic animals had a similar compositions of gut microbiota to the WT goats under the stimulation of LPS injections. Mammary gland ATIII overexpression in dairy goats is a safe process, and it did not jeopardize the general health of the transgenic animals; moreover, the compositions of their gut microbiota also improved with the milk quality. The LPS stimulation study suggests that the increased ATIII expression may directly or indirectly suppress the inflammatory response to increase the resistance of transgenic animals to pathogen invasion. This will be explored in future studies.

Background: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease. The correlation between intestinal microbiota and immune-mediated diseases makes scientists pay attention to the pathogenic role of microbiota. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the gut microbial composition of patients with psoriasis. Methods: 16S rRNA gene sequencing method was used to analyse the faecal samples which was collected from 28 moderately severe psoriasis patients and 21 healthy controls and was followed by the analysing of informatics methods. Results: No visible differences can be observed in the diversity of gut microbiota between the psoriasis and the healthy patients, but the composition of the gut microbiota illustrate significant distinction between these two groups. At the phylum level, compared to the healthy control group, the psoriasis group shows higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria (P < 0.05). At the genus level, unidentified_Enterobacteriaceae, unidentified_Lachnospiraceae, Romboutsia, Subdoligranulum, unidentified_Erysipelotrichaceae, Dorea were relatively less abundant in psoriasis patients, whereas Lactobacillus, Dialister were relatively more abundant in psoriasis group (all P < 0.05). LefSe analysis (linear discriminant analysis effect size) indicated that Negativicutes and Bacteroidia were potential biomarkers for psoriasis. Conclusion: This study identified the intestinal microecological environment of patients with psoriasis and healthy people, proving that psoriasis patients have a remarkably disturbed microbiome, and found several biomarkers of intestinal microorganisms in patients with psoriasis.

To evaluate the combined effects of bifid triple viable capsules dissolving at intestines and emergency comprehensive nursing on intestinal microbiota, cardiovascular function, and nutritional status in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A randomized controlled trial. This study was conducted at Capital Medical University from March 2023 to January 2024. A total of 110 CHD patients who underwent PCI were randomized into two groups: the control group (CG,  = 55) receiving routine emergency nursing, and the study group (SG,  = 55) receiving emergency comprehensive nursing combined with bifid triple viable capsules (0.63 g, twice daily). Key outcomes, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), blood pressure, length of hospital stay, psychological well-being, nursing satisfaction, intestinal microbiota composition, and nutritional and lipid profiles, were measured before and after 8 weeks of intervention. The SG demonstrated significantly higher improvements in LVEF and blood pressure and shorter hospital stays compared to the CG (  < 0.05). Psychological well-being, self-efficacy, and nursing satisfaction scores were significantly better in the SG (  < 0.05). Additionally, the SG showed greater restoration of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium levels and reduction in escherichia coli levels (  < 0.05). Nutritional markers, including hemoglobin, albumin, transferrin, and prealbumin, as well as lipid profiles, such as TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C, improved significantly in the SG compared to the CG (  < 0.05). The combination of bifid triple viable capsules and emergency comprehensive nursing significantly improved cardiovascular function, reduced complications, enhanced self-efficacy and quality of life, and optimized intestinal microbiota and nutritional status in CHD patients after PCI.

The disturbance of intestinal microorganisms and the exacerbation of type 2 diabetes (T2D) are mutually influenced. In this study, the effect of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Lactobacillus plantarum JY039 on the adhesion of Lactobacillus paracasei JY062 was investigated, as well as their preventive efficacy against T2D. The results showed that the EPS isolated from L. plantarum JY039 effectively improved the adhesion rate of L. paracasei JY062 to Caco-2 cells (1.8 times) and promoted the proliferation of L. paracasei JY062. In the mice experiment, EPS, L. paracasei JY062 and their complex altered the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which elevated the proportion of Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, while inversely decreasing the proportion of Firmicutes, Muribaculaceae, Lachnospiraceae and other bacteria involved in energy metabolism (p < 0.01; p < 0.05); enhanced the intestinal barrier function; promoted secretion of the gut hormone peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1); and reduced inflammation by balancing pro-inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (p < 0.01; p < 0.05). These results illustrate that EPS and L. paracasei JY062 have the synbiotic potential to prevent and alleviate T2D.

R749; 肠道微生物与抑郁症的发病关系密切,但其具体作用机制尚未完全阐明.短链脂肪酸(SCFA)是膳食纤维和抗性淀粉等植物多糖在肠道微生物介导下发酵产生的代谢产物,主要由乙酸、丙酸、丁酸组成,在微生物-肠-脑轴中起着重要的作用.近年来研究发现,SCFA不仅可调节肠道能量代谢,还可通过血脑屏障、免疫途径、内分泌通路及迷走神经等缓解抑郁症.SCFA是目前研究的重点,国内SCFA干预抑郁症的报道较少.本文综述了SCFA对抑郁症的作用研究进展,以期为临床研究提供新的思路.

研究不同生活环境下棘胸蛙（Quasipaa spinosa）肠道微生物的差异，利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术，对中国东部（浙江）、中部（广东和江西）和西部（广西和贵州）3个地理种群的棘胸蛙进行肠道菌群的多样性和功能分析。测序结果显示：东部、中部和西部地区共有OTU 530个，各地区特有OTU分别为48、123、118个。西部地区棘胸蛙肠道菌群的物种丰富度和多样性最高，3个地理种群棘胸蛙的优势菌门均为拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）。在属水平上，西部地理种群的阿克曼菌属（Akkermansia）、沙雷氏菌属（Serratia）丰度显著高于其他2个地理种群，东部地理种群的小螺菌属（Mucispirillum）丰度较其他2个地理种群高。3个地理种群棘胸蛙肠道微生物功能也存在共性，主要集中于新陈代谢中的能量代谢、碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢等方面。本研究从肠道微生物角度探究棘胸蛙的环境适应性，为其生态保护和健康养殖提供新的理论依据。

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a candidate probiotic that has been included in the list of recommended biological agents for certification by the European Food Safety Authority. It has been found to be widely present in acidic-gruel, yogurt, cheese, kefir, kimchi, and so on. In this article, we have reviewed both preclinical and human studies related to the health promoting effects of L. plantarum that have been published for the past decade. We found that L. plantarum could significantly improve intestinal function, oral as well as skin health, promote neuro as well as immune regulation, and be effective against metabolic diseases, etc. L. plantarum primarily enters the body through the oral cavity and acts on the gastrointestinal tract to effectively improve the intestinal flora. It can affect the female reproductive endocrine system through interaction with estrogen, androgen, insulin, and other hormones, as well as improve the body’s allergic reaction and immunity by regulating Th1/Th2 response. Several prior reports also suggest that this Gram-positive bacterium can promote production and secretion of key neurotransmitters and neural activators in the intestinal tract by regulating the intestinal flora by directly or indirectly affecting the gut–brain axis through modulation of vagus nerve, cytokines, and microbial metabolites, thus relieving stress and anxiety symptoms in adults. This review is the first report describing the health promoting effects of L. plantarum, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the development of various beneficial applications of L. plantarum.