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The debate over whether involution causes anxiety has persisted because no studies have attempted to quantify introversion and study its relationship to anxiety. This study quantified involution and explored its relationship with anxiety, provided evidence about whether involution was related to anxiety, and created a foundation for other scholars to carry out research on involution. Interviews and questionnaires were conducted to investigate the characteristics of 535 Chinese college students’ involution behavior and its relationship with anxiety. We found that involution was not necessarily positively related to anxiety. The specific results were as follows: (1) The involution behavior of the Chinese college students could be divided into three types: the passive involution, reward-oriented involution, and achievement-motivated involution; (2) Significant differences in the involvement of involution existed at the college level; (3) Three motivations that resulted in involution, from primary to secondary, were achievement-motivation, reward-orientation, and passive engagement; and (4) Passive involution, reward-oriented involution, and the total scores for the involution behavior of the college students were significantly and positively correlated with anxiety. Among the three types of involution behavior, the college students’ passive involution had a significant and positive predictive effect on their anxiety, while achievement-motivated involution had a significant and negative predictive effect.

Immune system aging is characterized by the paradox of immunosenescence (insufficiency) and inflammaging (over-reaction), which incorporate two sides of the same coin, resulting in immune disorder. Immunosenescence refers to disruption in the structural architecture of immune organs and dysfunction in immune responses, resulting from both aged innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammaging, described as a chronic, sterile, systemic inflammatory condition associated with advanced age, is mainly attributed to somatic cellular senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and age-related autoimmune predisposition. However, the inability to reduce senescent somatic cells (SSCs), because of immunosenescence, exacerbates inflammaging. Age-related adaptive immune system deviations, particularly altered T cell function, are derived from age-related thymic atrophy or involution, a hallmark of thymic aging. Recently, there have been major developments in understanding how age-related thymic involution contributes to inflammaging and immunosenescence at the cellular and molecular levels, including genetic and epigenetic regulation, as well as developments of many potential rejuvenation strategies. Herein, we discuss the research progress uncovering how age-related thymic involution contributes to immunosenescence and inflammaging, as well as their intersection. We also describe how T cell adaptive immunity mediates inflammaging and plays a crucial role in the progression of age-related neurological and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. We then briefly outline the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of age-related thymic involution, and finally summarize potential rejuvenation strategies to restore aged thymic function.

The concept of a weakly two‐involution clean ring is presented; it is a generalization of two‐involution clean ring, which allows the addition of more elements to a ring, which will be observed in its graph theoretic representation. The element in a weakly two‐involution clean ring can be expressed as a sum or difference of two elements, which is an involution and an idempotent. Furthermore, if the involution and idempotent can be taken such that they commute, the ring is called a strongly weakly two‐involution clean ring. We give some properties of weakly two‐involution clean rings. It is also proven that R is isomorphic to all from Z 3 or Z 5 or Z 7 when R is a weakly two‐involution clean ring with 2 belonging to the set of all unit elements in R . In addition, this paper contains several results related to graph theory, including the connectedness, diameter, girth, and order of a complete subgraph of the graphs resulting from a weakly two‐involution clean ring.

The aged adaptive immune system is characterized by progressive dysfunction as well as increased autoimmunity. This decline is responsible for elevated susceptibility to infection and cancer, as well as decreased vaccination efficacy. Recent evidence indicates that CD4 + T cell–intrinsic alteratins contribute to chronic inflammation and are sufficient to accelerate an organism-wide aging phenotype, supporting the idea that T cell aging plays a major role in body-wide deterioration. In this Review, we propose ten molecular hallmarks to represent common denominators of T cell aging. These hallmarks are grouped into four primary hallmarks (thymic involution, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic and epigenetic alterations, and loss of proteostasis) and four secondary hallmarks (reduction of the TCR repertoire, naive–memory imbalance, T cell senescence, and lack of effector plasticity), and together they explain the manifestation of the two integrative hallmarks (immunodeficiency and inflammaging). A major challenge now is weighing the relative impact of these hallmarks on T cell aging and understanding their interconnections, with the final goal of defining molecular targets for interventions in the aging process. In this Review, Mittelbrunn and Kroemer propose that ten molecular hallmarks represent the common denominators of T cell aging.

Background In recent years, the phenomenon of academic involution atmosphere among college students has gradually attracted the focus of education and social circles. Thus, this study targets college students as the research object and constructs a hypothetical model to explore the relationship between academic involution atmosphere and college students’ stress response, as well as the mediating role of relative deprivation and academic involution. Methods A survey was conducted on 1090 college students using the Academic Involution Atmosphere Scale, Relative Deprivation Scale, Personal Academic Involution Scale, and Stress Response Scale. Results The results show that: (1) Academic involution atmosphere, relative deprivation, and academic involution are significantly and positively correlated with stress response; (2) Academic involution atmosphere not only directly predicts college students’ stress response, but also indirectly predicts them through relative deprivation and academic involution, respectively; (3) Relative deprivation and academic involution have a chain mediating effect between academic involution atmosphere and stress response. Conclusions The findings of this study reveal the influence of academic involution atmosphere on college students’ stress response and the mechanism, providing beneficial insights for reducing college students’ stress response and maintaining their psychological well-being.

In this note we show that every element of a simple Suzuki group$^2B_2(q)$is a commutator of elements of coprime orders.

The thymus is the primary immune organ responsible for generating self‐tolerant and immunocompetent T cells. However, the thymus gradually involutes during early life resulting in declined naïve T‐cell production, a process known as age‐related thymic involution. Thymic involution has many negative impacts on immune function including reduced pathogen resistance, high autoimmunity incidence, and attenuated tumor immunosurveillance. Age‐related thymic involution leads to a gradual reduction in thymic cellularity and thymic stromal microenvironment disruption, including loss of definite cortical‐medullary junctions, reduction of cortical thymic epithelial cells and medullary thymic epithelial cells, fibroblast expansion, and an increase in perivascular space. The compromised thymic microenvironment in aged individuals substantially disturbs thymocyte development and differentiation. Age‐related thymic involution is regulated by many transcription factors, micro RNAs, growth factors, cytokines, and other factors. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of age‐related thymic involution mechanisms and effects. Age‐related thymic involution has many negative impacts on immune function including reduced pathogen resistance, high autoimmunity incidence, and attenuated tumor immunosurveillance. This review summarizes the current understanding of how age impacts thymic development and function, as well as the mechanisms underlying age‐related thymic involution, particularly TEC transcriptional profile changes during thymic aging.

For many cancer types, incidence rises rapidly with age as an apparent power law, supporting the idea that cancer is caused by a gradual accumulation of genetic mutations. Similarly, the incidence of many infectious diseases strongly increases with age. Here, combining data from immunology and epidemiology, we show that many of these dramatic age-related increases in incidence can be modeled based on immune system decline, rather than mutation accumulation. In humans, the thymus atrophies from infancy, resulting in an exponential decline in T cell production with a half-life of ∼16 years, which we use as the basis for a minimal mathematical model of disease incidence. Our model outperforms the power lawmodel with the same number of fitting parameters in describing cancer incidence data across a wide spectrum of different cancers, and provides excellent fits to infectious disease data. This framework provides mechanistic insight into cancer emergence, suggesting that age-related decline in T cell output is a major risk factor.

Infection susceptibility, poor vaccination efficacy, age-related disease onset, and neoplasms are linked to innate and adaptive immune dysfunction that accompanies aging (known as immunosenescence). During aging, organisms tend to develop a characteristic inflammatory state that expresses high levels of pro-inflammatory markers, termed inflammaging. This chronic inflammation is a typical phenomenon linked to immunosenescence and it is considered the major risk factor for age-related diseases. Thymic involution, naïve/memory cell ratio imbalance, dysregulated metabolism, and epigenetic alterations are striking features of immunosenescence. Disturbed T-cell pools and chronic antigen stimulation mediate premature senescence of immune cells, and senescent immune cells develop a proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype that exacerbates inflammaging. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be addressed, it is well documented that senescent T cells and inflammaging might be major driving forces in immunosenescence. Potential counteractive measures will be discussed, including intervention of cellular senescence and metabolic-epigenetic axes to mitigate immunosenescence. In recent years, immunosenescence has attracted increasing attention for its role in tumor development. As a result of the limited participation of elderly patients, the impact of immunosenescence on cancer immunotherapy is unclear. Despite some surprising results from clinical trials and drugs, it is necessary to investigate the role of immunosenescence in cancer and other age-related diseases.

Background In recent years, involution and lying flat have become popular in China. Involution is defined as the phenomenon in which people are actively or passively involved in irrational competition for limited social resources. Lying flat refers to the state in which people choose to give up their efforts and passively escape in the face of social pressure and continuous competition. Should involution lead to lying flat in college students? This study aimed to provide empirical support for examining the potential mechanism between active/passive involution and lying flat. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 1003 college students was conducted in Henan Province, China. Participants completed the Involution Behavior Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale and Lying Flat Tendency Scale through Sojump platform. Correlation and mediation models were tested using SPSS 24.0 and PROCESS macro. Results The association between passive involution and lying flat was not only mediated through perceived stress and anxiety separately but also sequentially mediated through perceived stress and anxiety (Passive involution→ Perceived stress→ Lying flat: effect size = 0.075, 95% CI [0.042,0.113]; Passive involution→ Anxiety→ lying flat: effect size = 0.014, 95% CI [0.000, 0.031]; Passive involution→ Perceived stress→ Anxiety→ lying flat: effect size = 0.019, 95% CI [0.000, 0.039]). Active involution not only directly predicts lying flat but also indirectly predicts it through perceived stress (direct effect size = -0.301, 95% CI [-0.359, -0.242]; indirect effect size = -0.035, 95% CI [-0.055, -0.017]). Conclusions The results reveal the influence of active/passive involution on college students’ lying flat and the mediating role of perceived stress and anxiety. The findings can provide new insights into the relationship between involution and lying flat, as well as helping students better adapt to academic learning.