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Below-ground biomass of plants, with a key contribution of buried shoots, increases foredune resistance to wave swash
Sand dunes reduce the impact of storms on shorelines and human infrastructure. The ability of these ecosystems to provide sustained coastal protection under persistent wave attack depends on their resistance to erosion. Although flume experiments show that roots of perennial plants contribute to foredune stabilization, the role of other plant organs, and of annual species, remains poorly studied. Furthermore, it remains unknown if restored foredunes provide the same level of erosion resistance as natural foredunes. We investigated the capacity of three widespread pioneer foredune species (the perennial Ammophila arenaria and the annuals Cakile maritima and Salsola kali) to resist dune erosion, and compared the erosion resistance of Ammophila at natural and restored sites.
Cores collected in the field were tested in a flume that simulated a wave swash. A multi-model inference approach was used to disentangle the contributions of different below-ground compartments (i.e. roots, rhizomes, buried shoots) to erosion resistance.
All three species reduced erosion, with Ammophila having the strongest effect (36 % erosion reduction versus unvegetated cores). Total below-ground biomass (roots, rhizomes and shoots), rather than any single compartment, most parsimoniously explained erosion resistance. Further analysis revealed that buried shoots had the clearest individual contribution. Despite similar levels of total below-ground biomass, coarser sediment reduced erosion resistance of Ammophila cores from the restored site relative to the natural site.
The total below-ground biomass of both annual and perennial plants, including roots, rhizomes and buried shoots, reduced dune erosion under a swash regime. Notably, we show that (1) annual pioneer species offer erosion protection, (2) buried shoots are an important plant component in driving sediment stabilization, and (3) management must consider both biological (plants and their traits) and physical (grain size) factors when integrating dunes into schemes for coastal protection.
Journal Article
Testing the Data Protection Through Implementation of Secure Communication
The security of using applications in cloud services and on the Internet is an important topic in the field of engineering. In this paper, two laboratory tests for data transmission protection, specifically designed for different security analysis techniques, are presented and explained. During lab tests on public Wi-Fi networks from the MIDM (“Man in the Middle”) attacks, various monitoring techniques were applied, using a special lab test scenario with Kali Linux penetration tools by creating an SSH tunnel on an Android mobile device. These test benches allow easy data capturing, and the captured data is processed using available software programs. Expected outcomes, practical improvement and security performance assessment are presented in detail, and considered in terms of their value in security engineering. The aim of this paper is to detect and overcome some of the weaknesses of the application of security protocols in a Wi-Fi network environment.
Journal Article
Linux basics for hackers : getting started with networking, scripting, and security in Kali
\"Builds a foundation of Linux skills; this guide also addresses MySQL, postgresql, and Python scripting. Provides access to numerous real-world examples and hands-on exercises\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Assessment of spatial and temporal variations in water quality by the application of multivariate statistical methods in the Kali River, Uttar Pradesh, India
The Kali River is a significant source of surface water as well as the main tributary of River Hindon that flows through major cities of western Uttar Pradesh, India. It flows throughout the urban and industrial regions; hence, it carries various amounts of pollutant. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine spatial–temporal variations in river water quality by determining physicochemical variables and heavy metal concentrations at seventeen sampling stations (S
1
–S
17
) throughout the river stretch. Various physicochemical variables, namely pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, BOD, COD, TH, TA, Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO
3
−
, Cl
−
, SO
4
2−
, NO
3
−
, and PO
4
3−
were higher in summer than in winter. The order of mean metal concentrations was Fe > Pb > Mn > Ni > Zn > Cu > Cr > Cd. The relationships among measured physicochemical variables and pollution index were examined. Furthermore, multivariate statistical methods were used to assess spatial–temporal variation in water quality to identify current pollution sources and validate results. Water quality index and comprehensive pollution index indicated that the Kali River was less polluted from S
1
to S
8
. However, downstream sampling sites were polluted. Pollution starts from S
9
and drastically increases at and beyond S
13
because of effluents from industries and sugar mills in Muzaffarnagar. The study suggests cleaning the downstream region of river to restore human health and flora and fauna in the river ecosystem.
Journal Article
Web Penetration Testing with Kali Linux
This book covers everything you need to set up a Kali Linux lab, the latest generation of the BackTrack Linux penetration testing and security auditing Linux distribution. Learn how to use the hundred tools Kali Linux has so you can manage security tasks such as penetration testing, forensics, and reverse engineering.
eBook
Kali Linux cookbook : effective penetration testing solutions
\"Kali Linux is a Linux distribution designed for penetration testing and security auditing. It is the successor to BackTrack, the world's most popular penetration testing distribution. Kali Linux is the most widely used platform and toolkit for penetration testing. Security is currently the hottest field in technology with a projected need for millions of security professionals. Kali Linux Cookbook, Second Edition focuses on enhancing your knowledge in Kali Linux for security by expanding your skills with toolkits and frameworks that can increase your value as a security professional. This book starts by helping you install Kali Linux on different systems. You will also learn about the lab architecture and install a Windows host for use in the lab. Next, you will understand the concept of vulnerability analysis and look at the different types of exploit. The book will introduce you to the concept and psychology of Social Engineering and password cracking. You will then be able to use these skills to expand the scope of any breaches you create. Finally, the book will guide you in exploiting specific technologies and gaining access to other systems in the environment. By the end of this book, you will have gained the core knowledge and concepts of the penetration testing process.\"--Back cover.
Book
Germination and Seedling Growth Responses of Zygophyllum fabago, Salsola kali L. and Atriplex canescens to PEG-Induced Drought Stress
In arid and semi-arid regions, planting drought-tolerant species is the most useful strategy in the reclamation of degraded soils. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of simulated drought by polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) on seed germination and seedling growth of three desert plants such as Atriplex canescens, Salsola kali and Zygophyllum fabago. Seeds were subjected to water stress to drought stress by PEG at five stress levels (0, −1, −4, −8, −12, −14 bars). Germination of Z. fabago was completely inhibited at an osmotic potential of −8, −10 and −12 bars and the germination of A. canescens was inhibited only at −14 bar. In contrast, S. kali responded positively to high levels of stress and our results showed the highest final germination percent (71.75, 54 and 18.25%) under three-drought stress −8, −12 and −14 bars, respectively. In addition, increasing PEG concentration adversely affected the germination rate and seedling vigor index as well as the root and shoot length of species. Under high stress levels, S. kali achieved a higher germination rate and seedling vigor index compared to Z. fabago and A. canescens. Among species, S. kali was the only one able to develop roots and shoots at −14 bar. Therefore, S. kali could be considered as a promising plant for the rehabilitation of degraded soils at risk of desertification.
Journal Article