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Plants are sessile organisms and therefore they must adapt their growth and architecture to a changing environment. Understanding how hormones and genes interact to coordinate plant growth in a changing environment is a major challenge in developmental biology. Although a localized auxin concentration maximum in the root tip is important for root development, auxin concentration cannot change independently of multiple interacting hormones and genes. In this review, we discuss the experimental evidence showing that the POLARIS peptide of Arabidopsis plays an important role in hormonal crosstalk and root growth, and review the crosstalk between auxin and other hormones for root growth with and without osmotic stress. Moreover, we discuss that experimental evidence showing that, in root development, hormones and the associated regulatory and target genes form a network, in which relevant genes regulate hormone activities and hormones regulate gene expression. We further discuss how it is increasingly evident that mathematical modeling is a valuable tool for studying hormonal crosstalk. Therefore, a combined experimental and modeling study on hormonal crosstalk is important for elucidating the complexity of root development.

Realizing higher operating temperatures to increase efficiency of future applications for energy conversion and storage while minimizing cost is a challenge for development of high-temperature materials. Simultaneous optimization of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance continues to be a difficult task but is essential due to the need to significantly accelerate the transition between technology readiness levels in the future. Oxidation-induced degradation will be a critical life-limiting mechanism at increased operating temperatures. Suitable high-temperature materials cannot be solely identified by time-consuming experiments and reliable computational methods incorporating the relevant physics of processes must be considered to complement the experimental efforts. In the present work, a review of the methods employed to model oxidation-induced material degradation described in literature will be discussed. Furthermore, their capability to predict lifetime and aid in material selection will be evaluated.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a Gram-positive bacterium that belongs to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) group commonly used in the food industry. To use this microorganism, high biomass concentration is necessary, and models need to be established for predicting and improving its behavior along fermentation. However, current models for L. plantarum are applicable to only one substrate. The growth of a newly isolated strain L. plantarum 60-1 in a co-substrate (glucose and lactose) and lactic acid production in the batch process, were modeled in this work. Biomass growth was well described bydouble Monod kinetics. Substrate consumptions were modeled using two balance equations. Lactic acid was described with the Luedeking–Piret equation. No product inhibition was observed. Both glucose and lactose were metabolized in a concomitant way. This is the first report (as we know it) of a model includes dynamics of a dual limitation substrate glucoseand lactose in multiplicative effects on the growth of L. plantarum 60-1

Humic acids (HA) are promising green materials for water and wastewater treatment. They show a strong ability to sorb cationic and hydrophobic organic pollutants. Cationic compounds interact mainly by electrostatic interaction with the deprotonated carboxylic groups of HA. Other functional groups of HA such as quinones, may form covalent bonds with aromatic ammines or similar organic compounds. Computational and experimental works show that the interaction of HA with hydrophobic organics is mainly due to π–π interactions, hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bonding. Several works report that sorbing efficiency is related to the hydrophobicity of the sorbate. Papers about the interaction between organic pollutants and humic acids dissolved in solution, in the solid state and adsorbed onto solid particles, like aluminosilicates and magnetic materials, are reviewed and discussed. A short discussion of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the sorption process, with indication of the main mistakes reported in literature, is also given.

Biodegradable coatings offer a sustainable approach to extending banana shelf life and quality. This study investigated the effectiveness of starch-based edible coatings incorporating glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and their combination (GS) on the physicochemical, antioxidant, sensory, kinetic, and shelf-life properties of banana fruits during storage. Two-way ANOVA revealed that both treatment and storage time significantly influenced all quality parameters (p < 0.001), with storage duration being the dominant factor driving deterioration. Uncoated fruits showed rapid quality loss, including high weight loss (30.59%), severe softening ( 97.8%), increased total soluble solids (TSS), and complete decay after 20 days. In contrast, coated fruits exhibited improved preservation, with G treatment reducing weight loss by 63.1% and maintaining higher firmness. Coatings also delayed ripening and reduced decay incidence, with G-treated fruits showing only 19% decay. Antioxidant analysis demonstrated that total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH activity declined over time, but coatings significantly slowed this reduction. G coating showed superior performance, with minimal TPC loss ( 1.5%), attributed to improved film integrity and reduced oxygen permeability. Sensory evaluation indicated significant declines in all attributes, with GS treatment providing the highest retention ( 76% overall acceptability). Kinetic modelling showed reduced degradation rate constants in coated fruits, particularly for GS. Multi-response optimization identified G coating stored for 15 days as the optimum condition (9.22% weight loss, no decay, acceptable sensory scores). Shelf-life prediction further confirmed that coatings significantly extended storage duration: control fruits deteriorated rapidly (≈2.6 days due to decay), while G-treated fruits maintained quality up to 12.7 days and GS preserved sensory acceptability up to 17.7 days. Overall, glycerol-based coatings provided the best balance between moisture control, microbial stability, and quality retention, effectively extending the marketable shelf life of bananas.

An enzyme membrane reactor is an attractive tool for producing oligosaccharides from biomass-based polysaccharides. However, kinetic modeling and reactor design based on the rate equations have rarely been reported for enzyme membrane reactors because of the difficulty in tracing the depolymerization process. In this study, a simplified reaction model based on Michaelis–Menten-type kinetics has been built to simulate the enzyme membrane reactor. Ramping various species into reactant, target, and byproduct worked well for discussing reactor performance. The use of a membrane with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10 kDa with continuous feeding of the reactant was suggested for the efficient production of chitosan hexamer and pentamer by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan.

Plants have evolved strategies to tightly regulate metabolism during acclimation to a changing environment. Low temperature significantly constrains distribution, growth and yield of many temperate plant species. Exposing plants to low but non-freezing temperature induces a multigenic processes termed cold acclimation, which eventually results in an increased freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation comprises reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome and affects communication and signaling between subcellular organelles. Carbohydrates play a central role in this metabolic reprogramming. This review summarizes current knowledge about the role of carbohydrate metabolism in plant cold acclimation with a focus on subcellular metabolic reprogramming, its thermodynamic constraints under low temperature and mathematical modelling of metabolism.

Natural product waste treatment and the removal of harmful dyes from water by adsorption are two of the crucial environmental issues at present. Traditional adsorbents are often not capable in removing detrimental dyes from wastewater due to their hydrophilic nature and because they form strong bonds with water molecules, and therefore they remain in the dissolved state in water. Consequently, new and effective sorbents are required to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment as well as to mitigate the health problems caused by water pollution contaminants. In this study, the adsorption behaviour of methyl orange, MO, dye on chitosan bead-like materials was investigated as a function of shaking time, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial MO concentration, temperature and solution pH. The structural and chemical properties of chitosan bead-like materials were studied using several techniques including SEM, BET, XRD and FTIR. The adsorption process of methyl orange by chitosan bead materials was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model for the uptake capacity and followed by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model to describe the rate processes. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum removal rate (98.9%) and adsorption capacity (12.46 mg/g) of chitosan bead-like materials were higher than those of other previous reports; their removal rate for methyl orange was still up to 87.2% after three regenerative cycles. Hence, this chitosan bead-like materials are very promising materials for wastewater treatment.

Background One of the key goals of fruit biology is to understand the factors that influence fruit growth and quality, ultimately with a view to manipulating them for improvement of fruit traits. Scope Primary metabolism, which is not only essential for growth but is also a major component of fruit quality, is an obvious target for improvement. However, metabolism is a moving target that undergoes marked changes throughout fruit growth and ripening. Conclusions Agricultural practice and breeding have successfully improved fruit metabolic traits, but both face the complexity of the interplay between development, metabolism and the environment. Thus, more fundamental knowledge is needed to identify further strategies for the manipulation of fruit metabolism. Nearly two decades of post-genomics approaches involving transcriptomics, proteomics and/or metabolomics have generated a lot of information about the behaviour of fruit metabolic networks. Today, the emergence of modelling tools is providing the opportunity to turn this information into a mechanistic understanding of fruits, and ultimately to design better fruits. Since high-quality data are a key requirement in modelling, a range of must-have parameters and variables is proposed.

Integration of alkaline pretreatment and air mixing for co-digestion was validated. Alkaline pretreatment enhanced hydrolysis of poultry litter and wheat straw. Cumulative methane yield was improved by 46.7% compared to the control. The cone model best fitted the methane yield kinetics with R 2 ≥ 0.9979. Total volatile solids removal was improved by 2.3 times in the digestate. Alkaline pretreatment (AL) and air mixing (air) both have the potential to improve anaerobic co-digestion (Co-AD) of poultry litter with wheat straw for methane production. In this study, the effects of the combination of AL (pH 12 for 12 h) and air mixing (12 mL·d−1) on the Co-AD process were investigated. The substrate hydrolysis was enhanced by AL, with soluble chemical oxygen demand increased by 4.59 times and volatile fatty acids increased by 5.04 times. The cumulative methane yield in the group of Co-AD by AL integrated with air (Co-(AL + air)), being 287 mL·(g VSadded)−1, was improved by 46.7% compared to the control. The cone model was found the best in simulating the methane yield kinetics with R2 ≥ 0.9979 and root mean square prediction error (rMSPE) ≤ 3.50. Co-(AL + air) had a larger hydrolysis constant k (0.14 d−1) and a shorter lag phase λ (0.99 d) than the control (k = 0.12 d−1, λ = 2.06 d). The digestate improved the removal of total solids and total volatile solids by 2.0 and 2.3 times, respectively. AL facilitated substrate degradation, while air can enrich the microbial activity, together enhancing the methane generation. The results show that AL + air can be applied as an effective method to improve methane production from the Co-AD process.