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Computational thinking is accepted today as a collection of cognitive and social skills required for functioning in the 21st century. The paper presents a conceptual view at computational thinking that encompass concepts, problem-solving skills, application skills, and social skills. To impart those perceptions and skills the paper proposes the Four Pedagogies for Developing Computational Thinking (4P4CT) framework, which relies on active learning, project-based learning, product-based learning, and context-based learning, and advocates implementing computational thinking across all the education system in all subject matters at all ages by all teachers. The framework is presented and its implementation in an academic course for preservice K-12 teachers, taught so far in 16 classes attended by 409 preservice K-12 teachers, is described in detail. To support the effective development of the expected competences among preservice teachers, two types of empirical qualitative evidence, related to student outcomes, are presented: (a) simulations of computational processes, and (b) reflections that indicate a change in preservice teachers' perceptions and the application of computational thinking in their future teaching work. Graphical abstract

This study compares learner perceptions in a synchronous online versus face‐to‐face (F2F) learning context about four principles of communicative language teaching (CLT): promoting collaborative learning, using comprehensible input, considering affective factors, and providing corrective feedback. Data were obtained via online surveys from students in F2F language classes (n = 330) and synchronous online language classes (n = 315). The results generally show high levels of agreement between the two groups with statements pertaining to the implementation of all four principles, suggesting that overall, participants perceived the two learning contexts to be similar to one another. However, results reveal that for particular dimensions of these principles, students in the two contexts disagreed (small to medium effect sizes), indicating depressed levels of agreement for learners in the online context. We discuss how these areas of disagreement serve as an opportunity for enhancement of the implementation of specific components of CLT in online synchronous settings.

Large language models (LLMs) have gained significant prominence in language processing, demonstrating remarkable performance across a wide range of tasks. Recently, LLMs have been explored in various scientific fields beyond language-based tasks. However, their application in the design of nanophotonic devices remains less explored. Here, we investigate the capabilities of LLMs to address nanophotonic design problems without requiring domain-specific expertise of the user. Our findings show that an LLM with in-context learning enables nonexpert users to calculate optical responses of multilayer films via numerical simulations. Through conversational interaction and feedback between the LLM and the user, an optimal design of the multilayer films can be also produced for the user-provided target optical properties. Furthermore, we fine-tune the LLM using text-based representations of the structure and properties of optical metasurfaces. We demonstrate that the fine-tuned LLM can generate metasurface designs with target properties by reversing the input and output text. This research highlights the potential of LLMs to expedite the nanophotonic design process and to make it more accessible to a wider audience.

This research examines how different learning contexts affect the syntactic complexity of writing produced by Saudi undergraduate EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students in three distinct essay genres: argumentative, classification, and reaction. The study involved 16 participants, divided equally into a control group utilizing a traditional learning environment and an experimental group employing a blended approach augmented by Telegram. While the control group did not demonstrate significant advancements in syntactic complexity, the experimental group achieved considerable progress, largely attributed to the integration of Telegram into the learning process. These results underscore the efficacy of incorporating digital tools like Telegram in fostering linguistic complexity and offer strategic recommendations to the Ministry of Education for optimizing EFL pedagogy. The findings revealed no significant improvement in the writing performance of the control group, which relied on traditional methods

The relationship between learning and innovation has been a central theme in studies of innovation (Fagerberg et al., 2005, Borras & Edquist, 2014, Lundvall & Johnsen, 1994). Studies of the workplace have also claimed a relationship between skills or training and a firm’s ability to innovate (Toner, 2011). Recent studies of innovation in European firms (Arundal et al., 2007) included surveys on organisational contexts and suggested that some organisational forms were especially conducive to learning and innovation. Studies of the learning context or of training and skills development often refer to, or make assumptions about learning, without explaining who is learning or how this learning is occurring. This article supplements some of these earlier surveys by carrying out in-depth qualitative studies of learners in innovative organisations in Norway. The organisation of activities and the learning environments are analysed. This is supplemented by information on local HRM practice and strategies for skills development and training. The data include information on formal and informal learning of participants working within product development. We then discuss how these workers draw upon their learning in their everyday work and how their everyday work provides the opportunity for new learning. By linking HRM and innovation, this article offers a novel way of studying adult learning in the workplace and adds to our understanding of how it contributes to economic success.

Research at the secondary school level provides compelling evidence to suggest that a positive school climate is related to improved health, wellbeing, and cognitive outcomes for students. In response to these findings, school systems around the world are mandating the collection of school climate data in schools. However, reviews of the literature indicate that there are relatively few instruments that provide evidence to support translation and criterion validity and assess the school climate from the perspectives of primary school students; and all of them were considered unsuitable or problematic for our purposes. To overcome this gap in the literature, this article describes the development and validation of a school climate survey designed to assess primary school students’ perceptions of school climate. Evidence to support translation validity is provided through data collected at various stages of the development process. Further, data collected from a sample of 1193 primary school students (years 3 to 6) were analysed to provide evidence to support convergent, discriminant concurrent, and predictive validity. The survey and evidence of its psychometric properties are significant for researchers, schools, and education systems seeking to assess primary school students’ perception of the school climate.

 El objetivo del presente trabajo fue presentar el diseño de un reglamento para mini-balonmano playa siguiendo un proceso exhaustivo y meticuloso con base en la evidencia científica y la opinión de los diferentes estamentos implicados. El diseño del presente trabajo fue dividido en dos fases. Primero, se realizó un estudio de las reglas del balonmano playa, identificando aquellas que aportan la identidad propia del deporte y aquellas otras susceptible de adaptación. Segundo, se consultó a agentes implicados sobre las propuestas de modificación. En la primera fase participaron cinco expertos y 10 agentes implicados en balonmano playa. En la segunda fase participaron 51 agentes implicados. En conclusión, se presenta una propuesta de reglamento de mini-balonmano playa para jugadores de hasta 11 años. En general, este reglamento parece estar alineado con los principios pedagógicos que deberían estar presentes en todo proceso de formación deportiva. Abstract. The aim of this work was to present the design of a regulation for mini beach handball following an exhaustive and meticulous process based on scientific evidence and the opinion of the different stakeholders. The design of the present work was divided into two phases. First, a study of the rules of beach handball was carried out, identifying those that provide the sport's own identity and those others that can be adapted. Second, the stakeholders were consulted about the proposals for modification. Five experts and 10 agents involved in beach handball participated in the first phase. In the second phase, 51 agents involved participated. In conclusion, a proposal for regulations for mini-beach handball for players up to the age of 11 was presented. In general, this regulation seems to be in line with the pedagogical principles that should be present in any sports training process. Abstract. The aim of this work was to present the design of a regulation for mini beach handball following an exhaustive and meticulous process based on scientific evidence and the opinion of the different stakeholders. The design of the present work was divided into two phases. First, a study of the rules of beach handball was carried out, identifying those that provide the sport's own identity and those others that can be adapted. Second, the stakeholders were consulted about the proposals for modification. Five experts and 10 agents involved in beach handball participated in the first phase. In the second phase, 51 agents involved participated. In conclusion, a proposal for regulations for mini-beach handball for players up to the age of 11 was presented. In general, this regulation seems to be in line with the pedagogical principles that should be present in any sports training process. Resumo. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o desenho de um regulamento para o handebol de mini-beach, seguindo um processo exaustivo e meticuloso baseado em evidências científicas e na opinião dos diferentes níveis envolvidos. O desenho do presente trabalho foi dividido em duas fases. Primeiramente foi realizado um estudo das regras do handebol de praia, identificando aquelas que conferem a identidade própria do esporte e aquelas que podem ser adaptadas. Em segundo lugar, os agentes envolvidos foram consultados sobre as propostas de modificação. Na primeira fase, participaram cinco especialistas e 10 agentes do handebol de praia. Na segunda fase, participaram 51 agentes envolvidos. Em conclusão, é apresentada uma proposta de regulamento do mini-handebol de praia para jogadores até 11 anos. De maneira geral, esse regulamento parece estar alinhado aos princípios pedagógicos que devem estar presentes em todos os processos de treinamento esportivo.

Contextual factors in which learning occurs are crucial aspects that learning analytics and related disciplines aim to understand for optimizing learning and the environments in which learning occurs. In foreign vocabulary development, taking the notes or memos of learning contexts along with other factors, play an essential role in quick memorization and reflection. However, conventional tools fail to automate the learning contexts generation process as learners still need to take memos or e-notes to describe their vocabulary learning contexts. This paper presents the Image Understanding Project (hereafter IUEcosystem) that could produce smartly-generated learning contexts primarily in a learner’s target languages. The IUEcosystem uses visual content analysis of lifelogging images as the sensor data to produce smartly-generated learning contexts that could be used as an alternative to handwritten memos or electronic notes. The IUEcosystem uses applied artificial intelligence to produce smartly-generated learning contexts. This intelligent learning environment collects a learner’s learning satisfaction and interaction data and, later on, analyzes them to produce time-based notifications for enhancing retention. Furthermore, a new learning design is presented that aims to map a learner’s prior vocabulary knowledge with new learning vocabularies to be learned. This learning design would help learners to review and recall prior knowledge while learning new vocabulary.

Introduction:A high proportion of health sciences students at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL) fail the basic chemistry (BC) course and, in some cases, this situation has caused them to lose their status as UNAL students. Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of a tutoring program in reducing the percentage of health sciences students who fail the BC course at the UNAL. Materials and methods:Holistic research carried out between 2011 and 2018, consisting of four levels and involving the participation of professors and students of the BC course, as well as professors and directors of the health sciences programs offered by the UNAL. At the perceptual level, the problem was described through the quantitative analysis of the academic reports of 1 983 students enrolled in the course from 2009 to 2011. At the apprehensive level, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 directors and 8 professors of the different health sciences programs, and a questionnaire was administered to 319 students to analyze the causes and possible solutions to the problem. At the comprehensive level, a tutoring program (designed according to the context-based learning approach), in which 3 050 students participated, was implemented. Finally, at the integrative level, the efficacy of the program was evaluated by comparing, through bivariate analyses, the academic results obtained in the BC course by the 4 545 students enrolled between 2011 and 2018 based on to their participation in the tutoring program. Results:A significant difference in the course failure rate (p=0.000) was observed between students who participated in the tutoring program (18.73%) and those who did not (43.26%). Conclusion:The implementation of the chemistry tutoring program allowed to reduce the failure rate of the BC course among health sciences students at the UNAL.