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The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) protein is a subfamily of the E3 ubiquitin ligases, which exists widely in plants and is extensively involved in plant growth and development. Although the ATL family has been identified in other species, such as Arabidopsis, Oryza sativa, and grapevine, few reports on pear ATL gene families have been reported. In this study, 92 PbrATL genes were identified and analyzed from the Pyrus breschneideri genome. Motif analysis and phylogenetic tree generation divided them into nine subgroups, and chromosome localization analysis showed that the 92 PbrATL genes were distributed in 16 of 17 pear chromosomes. Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments demonstrated that PbrATL18, PbrATL41, and PbrATL88 were involved in both pear drought resistance and Colletotrichum fructicola infection. In addition, Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing PbrATL18 showed greater resistance to drought stress than the wild type (WT), and PbrATL18-silenced pear seedlings showed greater sensitivity to drought and C. fructicola infection than the controls. PbrATL18 regulated plant resistance by regulating chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. This study provided a reference for further exploring the functions of the PbrATL gene in drought resistance and C. fructicola infection.

Eichhornia crassipes is an invasive aquatic plant that reduces oxygen availability, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems. This was evidenced in the cooling lagoons of the Paipa Thermoelectric Power Plant in Boyacá, Colombia. Due to its low lignin content (~15%), this plant does not require rigorous treatments for utilization, which allows exploring its potential as a precursor in obtaining value-added products while contributing to the conservation of affected aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of kefir tibicos in a culture medium with hydrolysates of E. crassipes obtained from sequential and simultaneous pretreatments with cellulase and the inclusion of activated charcoal suspensions, using sucrose as a co-substrate. All processes were monitored with measurements of soluble solids, reducing sugars, acidity, and pH. Finally, the kefir tibicos were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the thermal properties of dextran were identified through differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. According to the results, the difference in exopolysaccharide production between the sequential and simultaneous applications of cellulase was less than 10%. However, the inclusion of activated charcoal increased the difference to 22.8% and revealed that insoluble dextran could be applied as a matrix for the in situ immobilization of particles during the microorganism growth stage. Eichhornia crassipes es una planta acuática invasora que genera disminución en la disponibilidad de oxígeno, representando una amenaza para los ecosistemas acuáticos. Esto se evidenció en las lagunas de enfriamiento de la Central Termoeléctrica de Paipa, en Boyacá, Colombia. Debido a su bajo contenido de lignina (~15 %), esta planta no requiere tratamientos rigurosos para su aprovechamiento, lo que permite explorar su potencial como precursora en la obtención de productos de valor agregado, al tiempo que se contribuye a la conservación de ecosistemas acuáticos afectados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el crecimiento de tíbicos de kéfir en un medio de cultivo con hidrolizados de E. crassipes, obtenidos a partir de pretratamientos secuenciales y simultáneos con celulasa y de la inclusión de suspensiones de carbón activado, utilizando sacarosa como cosustrato. Todos los procesos se monitorearon con mediciones de sólidos solubles, azúcares reductores, acidez y pH. Por último, los tíbicos fueron caracterizados mediante espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier y difracción de rayos X, y se identificaron las propiedades térmicas del dextrano mediante calorimetría diferencial de Barrido y análisis termogravimétrico. De acuerdo con los resultados, la diferencia en la producción de exopolisacárido entre la aplicación secuencial y simultánea de celulasa fue inferior al 10 %. Sin embargo, la inclusión de carbón activado hizo que la diferencia se incrementase hasta 22.8 % y reveló que el dextrano insoluble podría aplicarse como matriz para la inmovilización de partículas in situ en la etapa de crecimiento de los microorganismos.

Maize is a significant food and feed product, and abiotic stress significantly impacts its growth and development. Arabidopsis Toxicosa en Levadura (ATL), a member of the RING-H2 E3 subfamily, modulates various physiological processes and stress responses in Arabidopsis. However, the role of ATL in maize remains unexplored. In this study, we systematically identified the genes encoding ATL in the maize genome. The results showed that the maize ATL family consists of 77 members, all predicted to be located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm, with a highly conserved RING domain. Tissue-specific expression analysis revealed that the expression levels of ATL family genes were significantly different in different tissues. Examination of the abiotic stress data revealed that the expression levels of ATL genes fluctuated significantly under different stress conditions. To further understand the biological functions of maize ATL family genes under high-temperature stress, we studied the high-temperature phenotypes of the maize ZmATL family gene ZmATL10 and its homologous gene AtATL27 in Arabidopsis. The results showed that overexpression of the ZmATL10 and AtATL27 genes enhanced resistance to high-temperature stress.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops globally, with significant economic value. The Arabidopsis Tóxicos en Levadura (ATL) gene family, which comprises members of ubiquitin ligase enzymes (E3s), functions in substrate protein tagging during ubiquitin-mediated protein modification. Recent studies have demonstrated its involvement in stress responses. However, the ATL gene family in wheat remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to identify the members of the ATL gene family in wheat and investigate their roles under salt stress. We identified 334 TaATL genes in the wheat genome, all of which contain either RING-H2, RING U-box, or RAD18 superfamily domains, exhibiting a remarkably low proportion of intron-containing genes. The Ka/Ks (non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate) analysis and cis-acting element analysis of the TaATL gene family indicate that its sequences are highly conserved and functionally constrained, suggesting that it may participate in abiotic stress responses through the ABA, MeJA, and MYB signaling pathways. Both RNA-seq analysis and RT-qPCR data demonstrated that the expression levels of the TaATL gene family were significantly upregulated under stress conditions, indicating their crucial roles in stress responses. This study demonstrates that the targeted regulation of stress-responsive signaling pathways mediated by superior TaATL gene family members can effectively enhance wheat salt tolerance, thereby providing a viable strategy for the development of high-yielding cultivars adapted to saline agricultural ecosystems.

As part of a long-term study aiming to isolate and identify yeast species that inhabit the surface of leaves and fruits of native fine-aroma cacao in the department of Amazonas, Peru, we obtained multiple isolates of Hannaella species. Yeasts of the genus Hannaella are common inhabitants of the phyllosphere of natural and crop plants. On the basis of morphological, and physiological characteristics, and sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit rRNA gene (LSU) and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), we identified five species of Hannaella from the phyllosphere of Peruvian cacao. Four have been previously described: H. phyllophila (isolates KLG-073, KLG-091), H. pagnoccae (KLG-076), H. sinensis (KLG-121), and H. taiwanensis (KLG-021). A fifth, represented by eight isolates (KLG-034, KLG-063, KLG-074, KLG-078, KLG-79, KLG-082, KLG-084, KLG-085), is not conspecific with any previously described Hannaella species, and forms the sister clade to H. surugaensis in the phylogenetic analysis. It has 2.6–3.9% (18–27 substitutions, 2–4 deletions, and 1–3 insertions in 610–938 bp-long alignments), and 9.8–10.0% nucleotide differences (37 substitutions and 14 insertions in 511–520 bp-long alignments) in the LSU and ITS regions, respectively, to H. surugaensis type strain, CBS 9426. Herein, the new species Hannaella theobromatis sp. nov. is described and characterised. The species epithet refers to its epiphytic ecology on its host Theobroma cacao .

Torula yeast is the most common bait used by growers and agriculture professionals for trapping of tephritid flies in the Dominican Republic. However, the efficiency of the bait is influenced by weather conditions, aging, and contamination with undesirable microorganisms. Thus, additives such as benzalkonium chloride, a quaternary ammonium compound, have been used together with torula yeast as a bait stabilizer. This study evaluated the effect of the addition of benzalkonium chloride to torula yeast bait, and time of renewal in guava orchards for trapping of Caribbean fruit flies (Anastrepha suspensa Loew; Diptera: Tephritidae). A field study was conducted in 2 consecutive 8-wk periods between Oct 2019 and Feb 2020. Six treatments were evaluated based on the type of bait (torula yeast or torula yeast + benzalkonium chloride) and renewal frequency (weekly, biweekly, or without renewal). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Data indicated that torula yeast was attractive to 85.2% and 80.2% more males and females of Caribbean fruit flies compared to torula yeast + benzalkonium chloride, respectively. Similarly, traps without renewal attracted an average of 49.8% more females than traps renewed weekly or biweekly, regardless of the bait type. Analysis of both baits showed a rapid decrease in pH of the torula yeast. The addition of benzalkonium chloride may have affected the microbial activity in the solution, leading to reduced decomposition of torula yeast + benzalkonium chloride and, therefore, reduced captures.

Application of yeasts in traditional biotechnologies such as baking, brewing, distiller's fermentations, and wine making, involves them in exposure to numerous environmental stresses. These can be encountered in concert and sequentially. Yeast exhibit a complex array of stress responses when under conditions that are less than physiologically ideal. These responses involve aspects of cell sensing, signal transduction, transcriptional and posttranslational control, protein-targeting to organelles, accumulation of protectants, and activity of repair functions. The efficiency of these processes in a given yeast strain determines its robustness, and to a large extent, whether it is able to perform to necessary commercial standards in industrial processes. This article reviews aspects of stress and stress response in the context of baker's yeast manufacturing and applications, and discusses the potential for improving the general robustness of industrial baker's yeast strains, in relation to physiological and genetic manipulations.

Most fungal infections are caused by species of the Candida genus, particularly C. albicans. The increasing number of strains developing resistance to antifungals, resulting in treatment failures, underscores the urgency of finding new antifungal agents. Since many bacteria of the genus Streptomyces produce molecules that inhibit fungal growth, this work aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of three native isolates obtained from a rhizosphere and an artisanal composting system. Based on 16S RNA gene sequences, as well as biochemical and morphological traits, we identified S. globisporus, S. bacillaris, and S. cavourensis as the species most closely related to the S1H, S40, and S41 isolates, respectively. These species have been reported to produce antifungal compounds. Theinhibition of Candida by antagonistic activity increased with longer Streptomyces incubation times, with no differences observed between Candida species. Few studies have simultaneously evaluated the inhibitory activity of Streptomyces isolates against different Candida strains. In this study, the isolates inhibited the growth of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. glabrata, and C. lusitaniae, including strains resistant to fluconazole.

Diploid cells of budding yeast produce haploid cells through the developmental program of sporulation, which consists of meiosis and spore morphogenesis. DNA microarrays containing nearly every yeast gene were used to assay changes in gene expression during sporulation. At least seven distinct temporal patterns of induction were observed. The transcription factor Ndt80 appeared to be important for induction of a large group of genes at the end of meiotic prophase. Consensus sequences known or proposed to be responsible for temporal regulation could be identified solely from analysis of sequences of coordinately expressed genes. The temporal expression pattern provided clues to potential functions of hundreds of previously uncharacterized genes, some of which have vertebrate homologs that may function during gametogenesis

Abscisic acid stress ripening (ASR1) protein is a small hydrophilic, low molecular weight, and stress-specific plant protein. The gene coding region of ASR1 protein, which is induced under high salinity in rice (Oryza sativa Ilmi), was cloned into a yeast expression vector pVTU260 and transformed into yeast cells. Heterologous expression of ASR1 protein in transgenic yeast cells improved tolerance to abiotic stresses including hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), high salinity (NaCl), heat shock, menadione, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, and also high concentration of ethanol. In particular, the expression of metabolic enzymes (Fba1p, Pgk1p, Eno2p, Tpi1p, and Adh1p), antioxidant enzyme (Ahp1p), molecular chaperone (Ssb1p), and pyrimidine biosynthesis-related enzyme (Ura1p) was up-regulated in the transgenic yeast cells under oxidative stress when compared with wild-type cells. All of these enzymes contribute to an alleviated redox state to H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. In the in vitro assay, the purified ASR1 protein was able to scavenge ROS by converting H₂O₂ to H₂O. Taken together, these results suggest that the ASR1 protein could function as an effective ROS scavenger and its expression could enhance acquired tolerance of ROS-induced oxidative stress through induction of various cell rescue proteins in yeast cells.