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This paper provides a discussion and thoughtful application on a large sample of the procedures for the classification of existing bridges recently adopted in Italy and defined within the Italian Guidelines for the classification, risk management, safety evaluation and monitoring of existing bridges and the early published Operating Instructions. Focusing on the classification at the territorial level, first the logic flows to the classification on the base of the structural risk are shown, resulting in the definition of the “structural warning class”, providing the motivations that support the criteria for the definition of such procedures. Then, a statistical analysis of the results obtained from the classification of 661 existing Italian bridges is performed, focusing on the vulnerability classification and on the influence of each parameter on its evaluation.

This study applies the first three levels of analysis outlined in the recent Italian Bridge Guidelines to a stock of prestressed concrete bridges located along the highways connecting the cities of Palermo, Messina and Catania in Sicily, south of Italy. The examined levels of analysis include census, visual inspection and determination of the structural–foundational and seismic Classes of Attention of bridges and viaducts. Data of the census and visual inspection activities were gathered using a custom-made web application. The details, the methodologies and all the features implemented in the web platform were illustrated and discussed. Furthermore, the collected data were described and critically analyzed, offering insights into the strength and limitations of each of the three examined levels of analysis of the Italian Bridge Guidelines. Finally, based on the detected defects and their numerousness with respect to the total number of assessed bridges, the authors proposed a straightforward and practical methodology for prioritizing any subsequent repairing intervention on specific groups of bridges.

This paper proposes that phases are extended projections containing all the projections in the relevant functional sequence, and that extended projections lacking lower projections in the sequence are in turn not phases. The claim is motivated and supported by a detailed investigation of finite ECM in Korean, where embedded subjects are assigned accusative case across finite CP boundaries. I argue that finite ECM occurs in Korean when the embedded clause lacks a T projection in the verbal domain. A typology of clausal complementation emerges, distinguishing defective finite CPs as distinct entities from full CPs in terms of syntactic locality. The proposal also explains the puzzling individual-level restriction in Korean ECM: a GEN operator must occur in the structure to stopgap the semantic effects of missing T, namely to render the embedded finite clause a proposition of type t. The defective CP analysis extends to other languages exhibiting crossclausal finite A-dependency exclusively with defective CPs.