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Purpose This study aims to examine the problems of the concession system that Macao has long-term adopted to regulate its gaming industry and discuss alternatives.Design/methodology/approach Theoretical reflection was used to provide qualitatively different insights about governmental supervision of the gaming industry.Findings Two options for reform are proposed: (1) replace the concession system with a licensing system that does not restrict the number of concessionaires or the period of concession or (2) adopt a modified form of the concession system that changes the number of concessionaires, period of concessions and methods for selecting concessionaires.Practical implications This study’s results have implications for the Macao government and other gaming jurisdictions in Asia.Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive examination of the concession system for governmental supervision of the gaming industry.

The increased crash risk of young, novice drivers, especially in their teenage years, has been a growing concern at both the state and federal levels. Teenage drivers are involved in fatal crashes at more than double the rate of the rest of the population per 100 000 licensed drivers. The best way of stemming these losses is to enact laws adopting graduated licensure systems that restrict young, novice drivers to conditions that reduce crash risk exposure when they first operate motor vehicles and to educate the public on the need for this legislation. Legislated teenage driving restrictions involve night-time vehicle driving restrictions, prohibitions on other teenage passengers, and the required presence of supervising adults. These restrictions are relaxed as teenage drivers successfully progress through initial and intermediate stages of graduated licensure before being granted unrestricted driver licenses. Unfortunately, many states have incomplete graduated licensing systems that need further legislative action to raise them to the desirable three-stage system that has been shown repeatedly to produce the greatest safety benefits. These state efforts should be buttressed by federal legislation that has proved to be crucial in allied driver behavioral concerns. Because reducing crash risk involves other strategies, stringent enforcement of primary seat belt laws as well as improved motor vehicle crash avoidance capabilities and crashworthiness must accompany efforts to reduce young driver crash risk.

Censorship profoundly affected early modern writing. Censorship and Conflict in Seventeenth-Century England offers a detailed picture of early modern censorship and investigates the pressures that censorship exerted on seventeenth-century authors, printers, and publishers. In the 1600s, Britain witnessed a civil war, the judicial execution of a king, the restoration of his son, and an unremitting struggle among crown, parliament, and people for sovereignty and the right to define \"liberty and property.\" This battle, sometimes subtle, sometimes bloody, entailed a struggle for the control of language and representation. Robertson offers a richly detailed study of this \"censorship contest\" and of the craft that writers employed to outflank the licensers. He argues that for most parties, victory, not diplomacy or consensus, was the ultimate goal. This book differs from most recent works in analyzing both the mechanics of early modern censorship and the poetics that the licensing system produced-the forms and pressures of self-censorship. Among the issues that Robertson addresses in this book are the workings of the licensing machinery, the designs of art and obliquity under a regime of censorship, and the involutions of authorship attendant on anonymity.

This editorial introduces the fifth volume of the International Journal of Sustainable Energy Planning and Management. Topics include electricity for heating purposes based on a case study of Tirana, the Norwegian system for licensing wind power plants, analyses of energy security for the Indian residential sector and finally the link between energy sector reforms, sustainable development and energy use.

Objectives: Adolescents are over-represented in injury statistics. New Zealand is privileged in having a hospital discharge database allowing for analysis of non-fatal injury data at a national level. An epidemiological description of adolescent injury morbidity is provided and options for prevention are discussed. Method: People aged 15–19 years admitted to hospital for their injuries in the period 1987–96 were identified from the New Zealand Health Information Service morbidity data files. The manner, causes, and nature of injury were examined. Injury prevention strategies were reviewed. Results: The incidence of hospitalised injury was 1886 per 100 000 person years. The victims were predominantly male (70%). The leading causes of injury were road traffic crashes, sports injuries, and self poisoning. The most common injury diagnoses were head injuries (29%) and limb fractures (21%). Road traffic crashes produced the highest proportion of serious injuries. Conclusions: Road traffic crashes, sports injuries, and self inflicted poisoning, stood out as areas with the greatest potential for reducing the burden of injury in late adolescence. Graduated driver licensing shows promise as an injury prevention measure but remains inadequately implemented. Policies to reduce self inflicted poisoning are of unknown efficacy, and evidence is awaited on the effectiveness of measures to reduce injury in sport.

As regulatory actions against copyright infringement have become to a large degree ineffective in the global context of Internet, new solutions balancing the interests of copyright owners, users and intermediaries were required. Semantic technology applied to Copyright may be considered an alternative to DRM or TPM systems, as metadata can be associated with a work, its title, author or right holder and intellectual property rights involved, so combining query languages and applications, the use or diffusion of those contents over the Internet can be controlled (authorizing or denying them) in what we named “Semantic Copyright”.

The establishment of cross-sectoral linkages is vital to ensure economic diversification of an economy where natural resource production dominates. This paper examines the use of legal instruments in implementing economic diversification. It focuses on the use of policy, statute, and conditions attached to the grant of petroleum licenses by the State as legal tools to achieve economic diversification. Examining Norwegian economic diversification in the period 1970–1994, this paper concludes that the use of consistent and decisive government policy of building Norwegian industrial competency, implemented through statutes and licensing conditions, has successfully established cross-sectoral linkages built on the principles of economic diversification. Conversely, Australia has left economic diversification to market forces, which has resulted in minimal cross-sectoral linkages, and a decline in the industrial sector. Where government intervention has occurred, such as in the development of the Australian Marine Complex in Western Australia, successful cross-sectoral linkages have been developed.

Most of us assume that to buy Australian is a good thing - it seems obvious. But, we should examine the issues more closely, says Terry Black.

This chapter analyzes the impact of the aging Japanese population on the health sector and on the economy as a whole. It focuses on (a) the effect of population aging on future medical care costs; (b) the effect of cost containment strategies on medical care expenditures; and (c) the extent to which licensing systems can or should be used to control the flow of new entrants into the medical profession. A simulation shows that maintaining the present system of payment for health care as the population ages will result in medical care expenditures growing at an average annual rate of 4.3 percent between 1991 and 2040. The share of medical expenditure in GDP will reach 10.8 percent in 2015, before gradually starting to decline. Moreover, even though people invest in their futures rather than their present medical care, their health status in the twenty-first century will be lower because of population aging. Controlling medical expenditures through cost containment will require the Japanese people to accept both major increases in the rate of self-payment for medical care and a decline in national health status.