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Background Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an index calculated by waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG), which reflects lipid toxicity. This study aims to investigate the association between the LAP index and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods and results PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases were searched for eligible studies that investigated the association of the LAP index and NAFLD. Sixteen observational studies with 96,101 participants, including four cohort studies, one case‒control study and 11 cross-sectional studies with baseline data, were entered into this analysis. Fourteen studies reported a significant association between the LAP index and NAFLD, and two reported that this relation was not significant; two different meta-analyses (1- mean difference (MD) and 2- bivariate diagnostic test accuracy [DTA]) were conducted using Stata version 14. The LAP index was compared in subjects with and without NAFLD, and the difference was significant with 34.90 units (CI 95: 30.59–39.31, P  < 0.001) of the LAP index. The DTA meta-analysis was conducted and showed that the LAP index pooled sensitivity and specificity for screening of NAFLD were 94% (CI95: 72%–99%, I 2  = 99%, P  < 0.001) and 85% (CI95: 62%–96%, I 2  = 99%, P  < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion The LAP Index is an inexpensive, sensitive, and specific method to evaluate NAFLD and may be valuable for NAFLD screening.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is defined as a condition causing the gradual loss of kidney function, shows renal lipid droplet (LD) accumulation that is associated with oxidative damage. There is a possibility that an LD abnormality in quality plays a role in CKD development. This study aimed to explore the chemical composition of LDs that are induced in human kidney cells during exposure to free fatty acids as an LD source and oxidized lipoproteins as oxidative stress. The LDs were aspirated directly from cells using nanotips, followed by in-tip microextraction, and the LD lipidomic profiling was conducted using nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry. As a result, the free fatty acids increased the LD lipid content and, at the same time, changed their composition significantly. The oxidized lipoproteins caused distorted proportions of intact lipids, such as triacylglycerols (TG), phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and cholesteryl esters (CE). Notably, the oxidized lipids, including the hydroperoxides of TG, PC, and PE, exhibited significant elevations in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, the dysregulation of intact lipids was paralleled with the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. The present study has revealed that the oxidation of lipids and the dysregulation of the lipid metabolism coexisted in LDs in the kidney cells, which has provided a potential new target for diagnosis and new insights into CKD.

Background Obesity is characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the body. Physical activity (PA) is an effective intervention to combat obesity, but the effectiveness of different PA patterns on controlling obesity is unclear. Lipid accumulation product (LAP), derived from waist circumference and triglycerides, is a novel indicator for obesity evaluation. However, the association between PA patterns (i.e., weekend warriors and regularly active) and LAP remains unexplored. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between PA patterns and LAP in US adult population. Methods Adult individuals with complete data on LAP, PA patterns, and other covariates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (2007–2018) were included in this study. Multivariate linear regression models were utilized to explore the association between PA patterns and LAP. Subgroup analyses, interaction tests, restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression analyses, and threshold and saturation effect analyses were also performed to investigate the stability and nonlinearity of PA-LAP association, respectively. Results A total of 11,212 participants were included in this study. After adjusting for all potential covariates, being regularly active (RA) (β=-8.85, P  < 0.05) obtained significantly higher LAP reduction as opposed to being weekend warriors (WWs) (β=-4.70, P  = 0.3841). Furthermore, subgroup analyses and interaction tests indicated that the PA-LAP association was more pronounced in individuals with higher education levels (P interaction = 0.0084) and diabetes (P interaction = 0.0062). Additionally, a significant, non-linear, and negative correlation between weekly total PA and LAP in non-inactive individuals was identified by RCS analysis (P for overall < 0.001, P for nonlinearity = 0.009). A threshold of 440 min in weekly total PA was found to arouse favorable LAP reduction. Conclusions Being regularly active obtained better LAP reduction as opposed to being WWs. For non-inactive adults, engaging in more than 440 min of PA per week helps to reduce LAP effectively.

Lipid accumulation product (LAP) has a positive effect on spinal bone mineral density (BMD). However, once LAP levels exceed 27.26, the rate of spinal BMD increase slow down or even decline. This indicates a biphasic relationship between lipid metabolism and BMD, suggesting potential benefits within a certain range and possible adverse effects beyond that range. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between LAP index and BMD in US adults, as well as to explore the presence of a potential saturation effect in this relationship. This study analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning from 2007 to 2018. A multiple stepwise regression model was employed to examine the association between LAP index and total spinal BMD. Additionally, a generalized additive model and a smooth curve fitting algorithm were utilized to examine the relationship, and saturation effect study was conducted to determine the saturation level. The calculation formula of LAP used in the study was: (LAP = (waist circumstances (WC) (cm) – 58) × triglyceride (TG) (mmol/L)) for women, and (LAP = (WC (cm) – 65) × TG (mmol/L)) for men. The study involved a total of 7913 participants aged 20 years or older. Through multiple stepwise regression analysis, it was found that individuals with higher LAP scores exhibited higher total spinal BMD. In both the crude and partially adjusted models, total spinal BMD was significantly higher in the highest LAP quartile (Q4) compared to the lowest LAP quartile (Q1) (P < 0.05). Utilizing a generalized additive model and smooth curve, a nonlinear relationship between LAP and total spinal BMD was observed. Furthermore, the study identified the saturation value of LAP to be 27.26, indicating a saturation effect. This research highlights a nonlinear relationship between LAP and total spinal BMD, along with the presence of a saturation effect.

Given the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases in the aging population, it is of great importance to gain an understanding of how changes in body composition affect health outcomes. Handgrip strength (HGS) serves as a valuable proxy for overall muscle strength, while relative HGS (RHGS) adjusts for body size, providing a more accurate assessment of the relationship between muscle strength and metabolic disease. Lipid accumulation products (LAP) are an indicator that can reflect visceral lipid accumulation. Based on previous studies, the relationship between LAP and RHGS has not been explored. This study aims to address this gap in the literature and provide insights for public health recommendations. Data was collected and extracted from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. LAP was calculated from the arithmetic product of waist circumference (WC) and fasting plasma triglyceride (TG), the calculation as following formulas: for females, [WC (cm) − 58] × [TG (mmol/l)], and for males, [WC (cm) − 65] × [TG (mmol/l)]; RHGS was derived from the HGS to BMI ratio. The correlation between the variables was initially explored using multivariate linear regression. Secondly, smoothed-fitted curves were used to investigate the non-linear relationship between the variables. The inflection point values were determined based on the results of the threshold effect analysis. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to assess the stability of the relationship between the variables in different populations. The study analyzed 3990 patients. After accounting for different covariates, multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between increased levels of LAP and increased levels of RHGS (beta coefficient = -0.0020; 95% confidence interval CI: -0.0023 to -0.0017; P  < 0.0001). The interaction test did not have a statistically significant effect on this association. Furthermore, curve fit and threshold effect analysis demonstrated a non-linear relationship with a breakpoint at 49.8083 cm·mmol/L. The results of this study demonstrate an inverse relationship between LAP and RHGS in various populations in the United States. These findings provide compelling evidence of the clinical significance of LAP as a predictor of RHGS, offering valuable insights for developing early intervention strategies in high-risk populations.

Background Obesity is a major contributing factor to the formation of gallstones. As early identification typically results in improved outcomes, we explored the relationship between visceral lipid accumulation indicators and the occurrence of gallstones. Methods This cross-sectional study involved 3,224 adults. The researchers employed multivariable logistic regression, smoothed curve fitting (SCF), threshold effects analysis, and subgroup analysis to examine the relationship between metabolic scores for visceral fat (METS-VF), waist circumference (WC), lipid accumulation products (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI) and gallstones. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression analysis was used to identify key factors which were then used in the construction of a nomogram model. The diagnostic efficacy of this model in detecting gallstones was then determined using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results Visceral lipid accumulation indicators were strongly linked to the likelihood of having gallstones. Specific saturation effects for METS-VF, WC, LAP, and VAI and gallstones were determined using SCF. The inflection points for these effects were found to be 8.565, 108.400, 18.056, and 1.071, respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that associations remained consistent in most subgroups. The nomogram model, which was developed using critical features identified by LASSO regression, demonstrated excellent discriminatory ability, as indicated by an area under the curve value of 0.725. Conclusions Studies have shown that increases in METS-VF, WC, LAP, and VAI are linked to increased prevalences of gallstones. The nomogram model, designed with critical parameters identified using LASSO regression, exhibits a strong association with the presence of gallstones.

This study aimed to explore the synergistic effect of lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) on diabetes risk, and to evaluate the potential associations of these novel metabolic markers with diabetes. The current cross-sectional survey utilised data from the 2015–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The relationship between LAP and VAI levels and diabetes was examined using multiple logistic regression analysis. Moreover, threshold effects analysis and smoothed curve fitting were used as analytical techniques. The diabetes group exhibited significantly higher LAP (90.1 ± 84.1) and VAI (2.8 ± 2.8) levels compared to the non-diabetes group ( p  < 0.0001).After adjusting for confounding factors, LAP (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.01, p  < 0.0001) and VAI (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.16–1.28, p  < 0.0001) were independently associated with diabetes risk. The interaction term (LAP x VAI) showed a significant synergistic effect (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.07, p  = 0.0042).Diabetes risk significantly increased when LAP was below 97.70 (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.03, p  < 0.0001) and when VAI was below 3.76 (OR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.69–2.08, p  < 0.0001). According to this study, LAP and VAI are independent predictors of diabetes risk and exhibit a significant synergistic effect. Combining these indices may improve the accuracy of diabetes screening.

Background The rising rates of obesity and Sarcopenia have attracted considerable academic interest. The Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP) serves as an indicator of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk; however, its association with Sarcopenia remains unexplored. The present study explores the relationship between LAP and Sarcopenia, with a focus on the intermediary function of diabetes in this association. Methods Cross-sectional data from 10,065 adults, collected through NHANES from 1999 to 2018, were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratio (OR) between LAP and Sarcopenia, and mediation analysis assessed diabetes’s mediating effect on LAP-related Sarcopenia. Results This study included a cohort of 10,065 participants aged 20 years and older, among whom 1,153 were diagnosed with Sarcopenia. In a fully adjusted model, the LAP exhibited a positive association with the prevalence of Sarcopenia (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.46–4.50, P  < 0.001). When LAP was transformed from a continuous to a categorical variable, higher LAP levels were associated with an increased prevalence of Sarcopenia compared to the lowest LAP quartile (OR = 4.70, 95% CI = 1.81–12.16, P  < 0.001). The application of restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a curvilinear relationship between LAP and Sarcopenia prevalence, with a significant inflection point at LAP = 4. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the consistent association between LAP and Sarcopenia. Additionally, diabetes mellitus was identified as a partial mediator in this association, accounting for a mediation proportion of 31.1%. Conclusion The study reveals a significant correlation between elevated levels of LAP and an increased prevalence of Sarcopenia, with diabetes identified as a mediating factor in this association. Further research is required to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Background Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), a common disorder of the pelvic floor, often results in anxiety, poor quality of life, and psychological issues among its sufferers. The relationship between lipid accumulation products (LAP) and stress-related urine incontinence remains unclear. This research aimed to investigate any possible correlation between the risk of SUI and the level of lipid accumulation products. Methods For this cross-sectional research, people with SUI who were 20 years of age or older were recruited using information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018. A weighted multivariate logistic regression model was used to evaluate the findings. As a potential biomarker, lipid accumulation product levels were sorted among individuals in ascending order and subjected to a trend test ( P for trend). Additionally, a nonlinear analysis was conducted using smooth curve-fitting methods. Lipid accumulation products' effectiveness in predicting SUI was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Finally, a subgroup analysis was performed to confirm that the connection between SUI and lipid accumulation products was consistent across all demographic groups. Results A thorough survey performed on 14,945 participants indicated that 23.61% of the respondents had SUI. A noteworthy association was observed between higher lipid accumulation product values and a greater probability of SUI in multivariate logistic regression analysis. Specifically, the stratification of lipid accumulation products into quartiles demonstrated a substantial positive correlation between the upper and lower quartiles, as evidenced by an elevated odds ratio for SUI (OR = 1.92; 95%CI 1.51–2.44; P  < 0.0001). The subgroup analysis supported link consistency across all cohorts under investigation. Finally, the ROC curve indicated that lipid accumulation products (AUC = 0.67, 95%CI 0.654–0.690) had a superior predictive effect on the likelihood of SUI. Conclusions Increased lipid accumulation product values are associated with a higher chance of SUI in adult participants. This suggests that lipid accumulation products could be a valuable marker for detecting SUI, offering new perspectives for its evaluation and treatment.

Background Anthropometric measurements and lipid profiles are associated with the onset of gallstone disease, with these associations exhibiting sex-specific variations. This study investigated the association between the prevalence of gallstones and two anthropometric-lipid markers, namely Lipid Accumulation Products (LAP) and Cardiometabolic Index (CMI), while also assessing the presence of sex disparities. Methods Data from the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed, including 3,541 participants aged 20 years or older with complete information. Weighted logistic regression, restricted cubic spline modeling, and subgroup analyses were employed to assess the relationship between LAP and CMI and gallstone disease, as well as to investigate potential sex-specific differences. An analysis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to assess the prediction accuracy of indices and to determine appropriate cutoff values. Results Elevated LAP and CMI were significantly correlated with an increased prevalence of gallstone disease among women, whereas no significant association was found in men. For each unit increase in log2-LAP, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for gallstone disease was 1.375 (95% CI: 1.143–1.655). For each 1-point increase in CMI, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 1.408 (95% CI: 1.098–1.806). Quartile analysis demonstrated that higher levels of LAP and CMI were significantly associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones. The associations between CMI, LAP, and the prevalence of gallstones were consistent across all subgroups (p for interaction > 0.05). LAP exhibiting the largest AUC, demonstrating high accuracy in screening for high-risk individuals for gallstone disease, comparable to traditional indices. Conclusions The study revealed a positive association between LAP, CMI, and the prevalence of gallstones, observed exclusively among women. The findings suggest that prioritizing the reduction of LAP and CMI is crucial for preventing gallstone disease in women.