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"liquid diet"
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Nourishing broth : an old-fashioned remedy for the modern world
Examines \"the culinary practices of our ancestors, and [explains] the immense health benefits of homemade bone broth due to the gelatin and collagen that is present in real bone broth (vs. broth made from powders) ... [and serves] as a handbook for various techniques for making broths, from simple chicken broth to rich, clear consommé, to shrimp shell stock\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Non‐liquid as initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis: Renewed meta‐analysis
In this study, we first evaluated that all of the studies included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Second, the number of patients in the present meta‐analysis is larger than before, so the conclusion is more convincing.
Journal Article
Intermittent fasting combined with calorie restriction is effective for weight loss and cardio-protection in obese women
Background
Intermittent fasting (IF; severe restriction 1 d/week) facilitates weight loss and improves coronary heart disease (CHD) risk indicators. The degree to which weight loss can be enhanced if IF is combined with calorie restriction (CR) and liquid meals, remains unknown.
Objective
This study examined the effects of IF plus CR (with or without a liquid diet) on body weight, body composition, and CHD risk.
Methods
Obese women (n = 54) were randomized to either the IFCR-liquid (IFCR-L) or IFCR-food based (IFCR-F) diet. The trial had two phases: 1) 2-week weight maintenance period, and 2) 8-week weight loss period.
Results
Body weight decreased more (P = 0.04) in the IFCR-L group (3.9 ± 1.4 kg) versus the IFCR-F group (2.5 ± 0.6 kg). Fat mass decreased similarly (P < 0.0001) in the IFCR-L and IFCR-F groups (2.8 ± 1.2 kg and 1.9 ± 0.7 kg, respectively). Visceral fat was reduced (P < 0.001) by IFCR-L (0.7 ± 0.5 kg) and IFCR-F (0.3 ± 0.5 kg) diets. Reductions in total and LDL cholesterol levels were greater (
P
= 0.04) in the IFCR-L (19 ± 10%; 20 ± 9%, respectively) versus the IFCR-F group (8 ± 3%; 7 ± 4%, respectively). LDL peak particle size increased (P < 0.01), while heart rate, glucose, insulin, and homocysteine decreased (P < 0.05), in the IFCR-L group only.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that IF combined with CR and liquid meals is an effective strategy to help obese women lose weight and lower CHD risk.
Journal Article
Fluorescence imaging around the abdomen allows evaluation of gastrointestinal retention of various forms of diet in mice
•Retention of meals in the digestive tract can be detected by fluorescence imaging.•Abdominal and excised digestive tract fluorescence signals were strongly correlated.•Liquid meals remain longer in the digestive tract than solid meals.•A liquid meal with low-methoxyl pectin stayed in the same manner as a solid meal.
The aims of this study were to evaluate gastrointestinal (GI) retention of an ingested meal by fluorescence imaging and compare how retention is affected by differences in the physical characteristics of meals.
Mice were given an oral fluorescent indocyanine green (ICG) probe enclosed in a liposome. We evaluated the correlation between abdominal and GI fluorescence signals. ICG was administered to mice treated with atropine, and abdominal fluorescence was observed repeatedly. Mice were continuously given a regular chow or a liquid diet containing a low or high methoxyl (LM or HM)-pectin through a catheter placed in the stomach for 2 d, after which the mice were given ICG. In all studies, the mice's abdominal and GI fluorescence signals were observed with in vivo imaging equipment.
The fluorescence intensities (FIs) of the abdomen and the excised GI tract correlated strongly. Attenuation of the abdominal FI was delayed in the atropine-treatment group compared with the non-treated group. The attenuation of abdominal FI 8 to 24 h after ICG administration was significantly weakened in the HM group compared with the regular chow and LM groups.
Observing FI attenuation around the abdomen allows for the evaluation of GI tract retention of an ingested meal. Compared with a solid meal, a liquid meal stays longer in the digestive tract, whereas a liquid meal in which the viscosity increases in the stomach is retained like a solid meal.
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Journal Article
Betaine supplementation prevents fatty liver induced by a high-fat diet: effects on one-carbon metabolism
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of betaine supplementation on the regulation of one-carbon metabolism and liver lipid accumulation induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Rats were fed one of three different liquid diets: control diet, high-fat diet and high-fat diet supplemented with betaine. The control and high-fat liquid diets contained, respectively, 35 and 71 % of energy derived from fat. Betaine supplementation involved the addition of 1 % (g/L) to the diet. After three weeks on the high-fat diet the rats had increased total liver fat concentration, liver triglycerides, liver TBARS and plasma TNF-α. The high-fat diet decreased the hepatic
S
-adenosylmethionine concentration and the
S
-adenosylmethionine/
S
-adenosylhomocysteine ratio compared to the control as well as altering the expression of genes involved in one-carbon metabolism. Betaine supplementation substantially increased the hepatic
S
-adenosylmethionine concentration (~fourfold) and prevented fatty liver and hepatic injury induced by the high-fat diet. It was accompanied by the normalization of the gene expression of BHMT, GNMT and MGAT, which code for key enzymes of one-carbon metabolism related to liver fat accumulation. In conclusion, the regulation of the expression of MGAT by betaine supplementation provides an additional and novel mechanism by which betaine supplementation regulates lipid metabolism and prevents accumulation of fat in the liver.
Journal Article
Intra-gastric infusion of a liquid diet with low-methoxyl pectin alleviates fecal inconsistency and local pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in LPS septic rats
Diarrhea interrupts enteral nutrition management in hospitalized patients with severe illnesses, such as sepsis. Pectin, a water-soluble dietary fiber, has the potential to maintain intestinal function and may reduce inflammatory reactions. Therefore, this study was conducted to demonstrate that the addition of low-methoxyl (LM) pectin to the liquid diet suppresses softening of stool texture and reduces tissue inflammatory responses in enteral nutrition management during sepsis. A fat-enriched liquid diet with LM pectin (P-EN) or a liquid diet without dietary fiber (FF-EN) was given continuously to rats through a gastric catheter. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg) was injected intra-peritoneally 24 hours (Study 1) and 7 hours (Study 2) before sacrifice. LPS injection significantly worsened fecal property scores in rats infused with FF-EN compared to the rats given P-EN in Study 1. Whereas a large number of myeloperoxidase-positive cells infiltrated the liver, and the hepatic expressions of chemokine genes were markedly elevated 24 hours after LPS administration, these findings were clearly alleviated in the LM pectin-containing liquid diet group. In Study 2, protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as small intestinal TNFα and hepatic IL1β, and IL6, were significantly downregulated in the P-EN LPS group compared to the FF-EN LPS group. A liquid diet containing LM pectin allows enteral nutrition management with a low risk of diarrhea and reduces local inflammation under septic conditions.
Journal Article
Diet containing dehulled adlay ameliorates hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Dietary modification plays a vital role in the treatment of non-alcoholic liver diseases. We investigated the effects of the consumption of a different amount of dehulled adlay, which has hypolipidaemic and anti-inflammatory properties, on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We fed rats a high-fat-high-fructose liquid diet for 16 weeks to induce NAFLD. The rats were divided into three groups fed the NAFLD diet only (NN) or a diet containing 44·9 or 89·8 g/l of dehulled adlay (NA and NB groups, respectively). After 8 weeks, the NA and NB groups had lower C-reactive protein levels and improvement in insulin resistance. In addition, the NB group had lower liver weight and hepatic TAG and cholesterol concentrations than did the NN group. Compared with the NN group, the high-dose NB group had improved steatosis, lower hepatic TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 levels and lower adipose leptin levels. Our results suggest that a diet containing dehulled adlay can ameliorate NAFLD progression by decreasing of insulin resistance, steatosis and inflammation.
Journal Article
Diet-induced obesity enhances postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in Wistar rats, but not in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is postprandially secreted from enteroendocrine L-cells and enhances insulin secretion. Currently, it is still controversial whether postprandial GLP-1 responses are altered in obesity and diabetes. To address the issue and to find out possible factors related, we compared postprandial GLP-1 responses in normal rats and in diabetic rats chronically fed an obesogenic diet. Male Wistar rats and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats were fed either a control diet or a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS, 30 % fat and 40 % sucrose) diet for 26 weeks. Meal tolerance tests were performed for monitoring postprandial responses after a liquid diet administration (62·76 kJ/kg body weight) every 4 or 8 weeks. Postprandial glucose, GLP-1 and insulin responses in Wistar rats fed the HFS diet (WH) were higher than Wistar rats fed the control diet (WC). Although GK rats fed the HFS diet (GH) had higher glycaemic responses than GK rats fed the control diet (GC), these groups had similar postprandial GLP-1 and insulin responses throughout the study. Jejunal and ileal GLP-1 contents were increased by the HFS diet only in Wistar rats. Furthermore, mRNA expression levels of fatty acid receptors (Ffar1) in the jejunum were mildly (P = 0·053) increased by the HFS diet in Wistar rats, but not in GK rats. These results demonstrate that postprandial GLP-1 responses are enhanced under an obesogenic status in normal rats, but not in diabetic rats. Failure of adaptive enhancement of GLP-1 response in GK rats could be partly responsible for the development of glucose intolerance.
Journal Article
Intragastric infusion of a liquid diet with low-methoxyl pectin alleviates fecal inconsistency and local proinflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide-septic rats
•A liquid diet containing low-methoxyl pectin did not cause lipopolysaccharide-induced diarrhea.•A fiber-free liquid diet allowed marked migrations of cells with myeloperoxidase in the liver by lipopolysaccharide.•An organ inflammatory reaction was repressed in rats with a liquid diet with low-methoxyl pectin.
Diarrhea interrupts enteral nutrition management in hospitalized patients with severe illnesses, such as sepsis. Pectin, a water-soluble dietary fiber, has the potential to maintain intestinal function and may reduce inflammatory reactions. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the addition of low-methoxyl (LM) pectin to a liquid diet suppresses softening of stool texture and reduces tissue inflammatory responses in enteral nutrition management during sepsis.
A fat-enriched liquid diet with LM pectin (P-EN) or a liquid diet without dietary fiber (FF-EN) was given continuously to rats through a gastric catheter. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 24 h (study 1) and 7 h (study 2) before sacrifice.
LPS injection significantly worsened fecal property scores in rats infused with FF-EN compared with the rats given P-EN in study 1. Whereas many myeloperoxidase-positive cells infiltrated the liver, and the hepatic expressions of chemokine genes were markedly elevated 24 h after LPS administration, these findings were clearly alleviated in the LM pectin-containing liquid diet group. In study 2, protein expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as small intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α and hepatic interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, were significantly downregulated in the P-EN LPS group compared with the FF-EN LPS group.
A liquid diet containing LM pectin allows enteral nutrition management with a low risk for diarrhea and reduces local inflammation under septic conditions.
Journal Article