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60 result(s) for "livonian"
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Unveiling Tonal Contrasts in the Baltic Region: Exploring Stød in Livonian Spontaneous Speech
This paper presents findings for the tonal contrast and phonation differences between words with and without stød in Livonian spontaneous speech. Livonian differentiates between two contrastive phonological tones: the broken tone or stød and the plain tone. Stød is similar to the Danish stød in some respects and is said to be part of the tone systems of the phonologies of languages in the Baltic region. The findings show that the tonal contrast between words with and without stød tends to be neutralised in Livonian spontaneous speech, but there are individual differences between speakers and also differences between men and women. The most common non-modal phonation period categories in words with stød are creaky and tense. The results also indicate that stød disappears when the word has no prominence.
Historical Phonology from Proto-Finnic to Proto-Livonian
This article serves as an attempt to reconstruct the approximate chronological order of the major sound laws between (Late) Proto-Finnic and Proto-Livonian. A by-product of this study is a reconstruction of the Proto-Livonian phoneme system, the earlier versions of which have been more fragmentary and tentative. In the end, it is briefly discussed when and where the Livonian proto-language was spoken before its splitting into Courland and Salaca Livonian.Kokkuvõte. Petri Kallio: Ajalooline fonoloogia algläänemeresoomest algliivini. Artikkel esitab katse rekonstrueerida peamiste häälikumuutuste ligikaudse kronoloogilise järgnevuse (hilise) algläänemeresoome ja algliivi keele vahel. Selle uurimuse kõrvaltulemuseks on algliivi foneemisüsteemi rekonstruktsioon, mille varasemad versioonid on olnud fragmentaarsemad ja esialgsed. Lõpuks arutletakse artiklis lühidalt selle üle, millal ja kus räägiti liivi algkeelt enne, kui see eristus Kuramaa ja Salatsi liivi keeleks.Märksõnad: ajalooline fonoloogia, algläänemeresoome, algliivi, kuraliivi, salatsiliiviKubbõvõttõks. Petri Kallio: Istōrili fonolōgij vāldamiersūomõ ežžõmkīelst līvõ ežžõmkīel sōņõ. Kēras sǭb kǭļdõt rekonstruīertõ pǟmizt killijidmȭitõkst ležgõliz kronolōgiliz kȭrda (obbiz) ežžõmvāldamiersūomõ ja ežžõmlīvõ kīel vail. Sīe tuņšlõks aigārezultātõks um ežžõmlīvõ fonēmõd sistēm rekonst ruktsij, kīen jedlõmizt versijd attõ vȯnnõd fragmentārimizt ja īrgalizt. Lopāndõksõks sōb lītõld nõvvõ võttõd iļ sīe, kunā ja kus rõkāndizt e’žžõmlīvõ kīeldõ jedmõl laggimizt Kurāmǭ ja Salāts līvõ kīelõks.
Livonian language texts in the Estonian Literary Museum 175th or Oskar Loorits fund
The article considers written Livonian language sources located in the Estonian Cultural History Archives of the Estonian Literary Museum and which linguists can use in their studies. The most extensive collection of Livonian language sources – around 1200 pages of unpublished texts – are located in the Oskar Loorits 175th fund. Estonian folklore researcher Oskar Loorits (1900–1961) visited Livonians for scientific purposes several times in the 1920s and 1930s and helped Livonians in their cultural efforts as well. Since most of his communication with Livonians consisted of letters, Loorits’ archive is a valuable information source not only about Livonian social and cultural life, but also about the Livonian language. There are lots of original Livonian poems and translations into Livonian in the 175th fund, too.Kokkuvõte. Renāte Blumberga: Liivi keele tekstid Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi 175. ehk Oskar Looritsa fondis. Artikkel käsitleb Eesti Kirjandusmuuseumi kultuuriloolises arhiivis talletatud liivi keele kirjalikke allikaid, mida keeleteadlased saavad kasutada oma uurimustes. Kõige suurem liivi keeleallikate kogu, mis sisaldab umbes 1200 lehekülge publitseerimata tekste, on 175. ehk Oskar Looritsa fond. Eesti rahvaluuleuurija Oskar Loorits (1900–1961) külastas liivlasi mitmeid kordi teaduslikel eesmärkidel 1920. ja 1930. aastatel ning aitas samuti liivlasi nende kultuurilistes ettevõtmistes. Kuna tema suhtlemine liivlastega toimus ikkagi põhiliselt kirja teel, on Oskar Looritsa arhiiv väärtuslik infoallikas mitte ainult liivi ühiskondliku ja kultuurielu kohta, vaid ka liivi keele uurimiseks. Selles 175. fondis on ka rohkelt algupärast liivi luulet ja tõlkeid liivi keelde.Märksõnad: liivi keel, liivi murded, liivi keele kirjalikud allikad, liivi kirjanduse ajalugu, liivi kultuuriajalugu, Eesti arhiividKubbõvõttõks. Renāte Blumberga: Līvõ kīel tekstõd Ēsti Literatūrmuzēj 175. agā Oskar Loorits fondõs. Kēra um iļ līvõ kīel kēratõd ovātõd, mis ātõ Ēsti Literatrmuzējsõ kultūristōrij arhīvõs ja midā kēļnikād sōbõd kȭlbatõ eņtš tuņšlõkšis. Amā sūŗimi līvõ kīelovātõd kub, kus ātõ immõr 1200 līedpūoldõ ulzandõmõt tekstidi, um 175. fond agā Oskar Loorits fond. Ēsti folklōr tuņšliji Oskar Loorits (1900–1961) kei līvlizt jūsõ tieudlizt võttõkstõks setmiņ kõrdõ 1920. ja 1930. āigastis ja äbțiz ka līvliztõn nänt kultūrtīesõ. Ku Oskar Loorits kubbõpūtimi līvliztõks vȯļ pǟažālistõz kērakouţi, sīesõt um Oskar Loorits arhīv vǟrtli tīetovāt äb set iļ līvõ ītkub ja kultūr, bet ka līvõ kīel tuņšlimiz pierāst. Sīes 175. fonds um ka pǟgiņ irgizt līvõ lūolõ ja tulkõmidi līvõ kīelõ.
The Livonian language as used in letters in the 1930s: a view into the correspondence of the editors of “Līvli”
Using vocabulary examples from the letters of the only two editors of the 1930s Livonian language newspaper “Līvli”, this article shows that it is possible to find new words in sources which have been little utilized up until now in linguistic studies with which it is possible to supplement the Livonian lexicon. The vocabulary examples show the types of new words and borrowing that the “Līvli” editors put to use in their correspondence and whether these reflect forms found in the 2012 “Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary”, which is the largest project devoted to the Livonian language undertaken in recent times. A brief analysis is provided on the basis of these examples showing whether the spelling of these words and their grouping by declension type is done in a consistent manner or whether changes are necessary in this respect. It is concluded that in the “Livonian-Estonian-Latvian dictionary” there is a considerable diversity in declension types in need of being simplified for the following groups of borrowed words: 1) nouns ending in Latvian with -āris, -ārs and in Livonian with -ār; 2) nouns ending in Latvian with -ors and in Livonian with -or, -ōr; 3) nouns ending in Latvian with -āls, -āle, -ālis and in Livonian with -al, -āl, 4) adjectives ending in Latvian with -āls and in Livonian with -āl. Likewise, it is concluded that in newly formed words, especially borrowed international words, word formation principles are not followed consistently. Additionally, examples of possible new words, which could be added to the dictionary of the Livonian literary language, are provided in this article.Kokkuvõte. Renāte Blumberga: Liivi keel 1930. aastate kirjades: pilk ajakirja “Līvli” toimetajate kirjavahetusele. Artiklis näidatakse 1930. aastatel ilmunud liivikeelse ajakirja “Līvli” mõlema toimetaja Aņdrõks Štāleri ja Kōrli Stalte kirjadest leiduvate sõnavaranäidete abil, et ka seni keeleteaduslikes uurimustes vähe kasutatud allikatest on võimalik leida uusi sõnu liivi keele sõnavara täiendamiseks. Sõnavaranäited annavad ettekujutuse sellest, milliseid uudis- ja võõrsõnu kasutasid “Līvli” toimetajad oma kirjavahetuses ning kas need langevad kokku viimase aja suurimas kirjakeele allikas – 2012. aastal ilmunud “Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamatus” – esitatud vormidega. Nende näidete alusel esitatakse ka lühianalüüs selle kohta, kas sõnaraamatu sõnade kirjutusviis ja muutevormistik on reeglipärased ning kas selles osas on vaja muudatusi. Jõutakse järeldusele, et “Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamatus” on täheldatav kõikuvus sõnade muutevormides. Seda oleks tarvis ühtlustada järgnevates võõrsõnade rühmades: 1) nimisõnadel, mille lõpp läti keeles on -āris, -ārs ja liivi keeles -ār; 2) nimisõnadel, mille lõpp on läti keeles -ors ja liivi keeles -or, -ōr; 3) nimisõnadel, mille lõpp on läti keeles -āls, -āle, -ālis ja liivi keeles -al, -āl, 4) omadussõnadel, mille lõpp on läti keeles -āls ja liivi keeles -āl. Samuti järeldati, et uudissõnades – eriti puudutab see rahvusvahelisi laene – pole järgitud kindlaid sõnaloome põhimõtteid. Artiklis on esitatud ka näiteid võõrsõnadest, mille abil saaks liivi kirjakeele sõnaraamatut täiendada.Märksõnad: liivi keel, liivi keele allikad, liivi kultuuriajalugu, keelekorraldus, liivi ortograafia, laenud, sõnavara täiendamineKubbõvõttõks. Renāte Blumberga: Līvõ kēļ 1930. āigastõd kēris: pilk āigakēra “Līvli” tuoimijid kēravaitõksõ. Kēra nägțõb 1930-dis āigastis ulzõ tund āigakēra “Līvli” mȯlmõd tuoimijid Aņdrõks Štāler ja Kǭrli Stalte kēris lieudõbõd sõnāvīļa nägțõbõd abkõks, ku īž siedaig sǭņõ kīeltieudližis tuņšlõksis veitõ kȭlbatõd ovātis või lieudõ ūži sõņḑi līvõ kīel sõnāvīļa täutõntõmiz pierāst. Sõnāvīļa nägțõbõd āndabõd jeddõnägțõks sīestõ, mingiži ūdõks- ja vȭrsõņḑi kȭlbatizt “Līvliz” tuoimijid eņtš kēravatõksõs ja või ne sadābõd kubbõ perīz āiga sūrimõs kērakīel ovātõs – 2012. āigastõn ulzõ tund “Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõs” – nägțõd formõdõks. Nänt nägțõkst pūoj pǟl sǭb andtõd līti anālīz sīestõ, või sõnārǭntõs sõnād kēratimi ja nõtkijid formõd ātõ pandõkspierrizt agā nēši um vajāg mȭitõkši. Um pierāldõd, ku “Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõs” um nǟdõb äbīdlit sõnād mȭitantimiz tīpis. Siedā vȯlks īdlistõmõst nēši vȭrsõnād tīpis: 1) ažāsõnād, kus lețkīels tutkāmõl um -āris, -ārs ja līvõ kīels -ār; 2) ažāsõnād, kus lețkīels tutkāmõl um -ors ja līvõ kīels -or, -ōr; 3) ažāsõnād, kus lețkīels tutkāmõl um -āls ja līvõ kīels -al, -āl. Vel um pierāldõd, ku ūdõkssõņši – īžkiz rovdvailižis täpīņtõd sõņši – äb ūot piddõt viššõd sõnāvīțimiz pūojmõtkõd. Kēras ātõ tūodõd ka nägțõkst vȭrsõņšti, missõks sǭb līvõ kērakīel sõnārōntõzt täutõntõ.
The Livonian Jussive: A Corpus Analysis
Livonian like other Finnic languages has a complex morphological system. Unlike, e.g., Finnish and Estonian, Livonian has not been systematically ­standardised and thus exhibits vast variability in usage. This article discusses the results of a morphosyntactic corpus analysis of the Livonian jussive mood. The article presents previous research on the Livonian jussive, formal aspects of jussive occurrences in the corpus, and an analysis of arguments of the jussive predicates. Jussive object marking is given more attention due to the ambiguity of case marking in Livonian, namely, nominative and genitive (sometimes even partitive) forms frequently ­coincide. A possible interpretation of the ambiguous cases is suggested based on their usage and restrictions.
The case for Southwest Finnic: areal or genetic grouping?
This article discusses a group of South Finnic languages and/or dialects that share common phonological features. These languages and dialects are Livonian, Mulgi South Estonian, Island North Estonian and Western North Estonian, all deriving from Proto-Finnic. In contemporary Finnic taxonomy, the first language to diverge from Proto-Finnic was South Estonian, followed by Livonian, and later by North Estonian and Votic. Nevertheless, all the mentioned languages have converged after their initial divergence, resulting in an areal grouping called South Finnic. The contribution of this article is to assess linguistic features shared by the mentioned languages and dialects and what their nature can reveal. I argue that the features point to a new understanding of Finnic taxonomy in that the addition of a narrower group of Southwest Finnic can be justified as a Finnic branch.
DECLENSION CLASSES IN LIVONIAN–A LANGUAGE-USER ABSTRACTIVE APPROACH
This paper aims to present an abstractive study of Livonian declension classes which lends support to the pedagogical analyses offered in Viitso, Ernstreits 2012. In this study I identify and discuss additional inflexional patterns in the language which may aid in a language-user's deduction of novel inflected forms. These, I suggest, may be exploited alongside the abstract patterns encapsulated by the principal parts and exemplary paradigms given in the Livonian dictionary. Key words: Livonian, declension classes, abstractive approach. (1)
The role of the Leba Ridge–Riga–Pskov Fault Zone in the tectonic evolution of the deep-facies Livonian Tongue within the Baltic Ordovician–Silurian sedimentary basin: a review
Located in the interior of the East European Craton (EEC), the Baltic Ordovician–Silurian Basin hosts an elongated tongue-like deep-marine depression, the Livonian Tongue (LT), which extends from Sweden across Latvia and separates the Estonian and Lithuanian shallow-marine shelves. The tectonic origin of the LT has been suggested already since its discovery in the early 1960s. However, the nature of tectonic forces and mechanisms behind the evolution of this narrow intracratonic subsidence zone in the Ordovician–Silurian of the Baltic Basin has remained poorly understood. The origin of the LT can be related to an extensive intracratonic dislocation zone known as the Leba Ridge–Riga–Pskov Fault Zone (LeRPFZ) that coincides largely with the axis of the LT. The LeRPFZ reveals some heavily uplifted basement blocks and has, therefore, been considered as an up-warped anticline-type structure. Recent studies show that the LT has developed in highly complex and changing stress field conditions during the Caledonian orogeny. The subsidence and widening phase of the LT in the Ordovician and early Silurian coincides with, and was possibly governed by, the Avalonia collision with Baltica from the SW when high shear stress forced LeRPFZ blocks to move obliquely towards the NE. As Laurentia was approaching Baltica and finally collided with it in the mid-Silurian, the shear stress became progressively mingled with compression from the NW and the subsidence of the LeRPFZ became reversed, triggering LT withdrawal to the SW. Thus, being once the deep-water centre of the Baltic Ordovician–Silurian Basin, the LT became the most uplifted and intensely eroded EEC interior zone by the Devonian.
A Balanced Vocabulary Without a Balanced Corpus: The Livonian Case
This article, using the example of Latvias indigenous Livonian language, explores approaches to enhance the consistency of endangered language documentation and lexicographical resources, with a particular emphasis on creating a balanced vocabulary. For critically endangered languages like Livonian, existing collections may be small and imbalanced, often reflecting outdated and limited sources. This presents significant challenges in accurately capturing the vocabulary essential for everyday communication and language acquisition. The article examines how frequency data from related language, such as Estonian in the case of Livonian, can be utilized to fill gaps and develop a more consistent and representative vocabulary.