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Biomimetic mineralization based on self‐assembly has made great progress, providing bottom‐up strategies for the construction of new organic–inorganic hybrid materials applied in the treatment of hard tissue defects. Herein, inspired by the cooperative effects of key components in biomineralization microenvironments, a new type of biocompatible peptide scaffold based on flexibly self‐assembling low‐complexity protein segments (LCPSs) containing phosphate or phosphonate groups is developed. These LCPSs can retard the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate into hydroxyapatite (HAP), leading to merged mineralization structures. Moreover, the application of phosphonated LCPS over phosphorylated LCPS can prevent hydrolysis by phosphatases that are enriched in extracellular mineralization microenvironments. After being coated on the etched tooth enamel, these LCPSs facilitate the growth of HAP to generate new enamel layers comparable to the natural layers and mitigate the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. In addition, they can effectively stimulate the differentiation pathways of osteoblasts. These results shed light on the potential biomedical applications of two LCPSs in hard tissue repair. Herein, inspired by the cooperative effects of key components in biomineralization microenvironments, a new type of biocompatible peptide scaffold based on flexibly self‐assembling low‐complexity protein segments (LCPSs) containing phosphate or phosphonate group is developed. These LCPSs can mediate to form merged mineralization structures leading to enamel remineralizaiton, potentially antibacterial adhesion, and stimulation of osteogenic differentiation.

The carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) superfamily is a class of ubiquitous metallo-enzymes that catalyse the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. The α-CA family, present in all metazoan clades, is a key enzyme involved in a wide range of physiological functions including pH regulation, respiration, photosynthesis, and biocalcification. This paper reviews the evolution of the α-CA family, with an emphasis on metazoan α-CA members involved in biocalcification. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a complex evolutionary history of α-CAs, and suggest α-CA was independently co-opted into a variety of skeleton forming roles (e.g. as a provider of HCO₃⁻ions, a structural protein, a nucleation activator, etc.) in multiple metazoan lineages. This evolutionary history is most likely the result of multiple gene duplications coupled with the insertion of repetitive or non-repetitive low-complexity domains (RLCDs/LCDs). These domains, of largely unknown function, appear to be lineage-specific, and provide further support for the hypothesis of independent recruitment of α-CAs to diverse metazoan biocalcification processes. An analysis of α-CA sequences associated with biocalcification processes indicates that the domains involved in the activity and conformation of the active site are extremely conserved among metazoans.

This study examines the uplink and downlink communication in a structured coded nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in the context of cognitive radio networks (CRNs). Due to the ever-increasing demand for spectrum-efficient communication systems, NOMA has emerged as an effective approach to enhance spectral efficiency by allowing multiple users to share the same frequency resources. Furthermore, CRN also improves spectrum utilization by enabling dynamic spectrum access while primary users are present. This work presents a method that can maximize the spectral efficiency by combining NOMA and CRN mechanisms. The suggested system is evaluated in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency, and bit error rate (BER). The collected results show that the proposed strategy performs better in reducing data mistakes when two users access the spectrum at different signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), with a 7 dB improvement for 1st user and a 2.5 dB improvement for the 2nd user, respectively, in the downlink scenario. Next, the exact BER expressions for both coded and uncoded uplink NOMA systems are introduced. As a result, the proposed system demonstrates superior performance and needs only 11 dB to reach 1 × 10−6 of BER while the uncoded system cannot operate in this harsh environment and the BER is fixed at 0.25 dB.

This paper manages the equipment usage of the as of late presented Probabilistic Gradient-Descent Bit Flipping (PGDBF) decoder. The PGDBF is another kind of hard-choice decoder for Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) code, with enhanced blunder adjustment execution because of the presentation of think arbitrary annoyance in the figuring units. In the PGDBF, the irregular bother works amid the bit-flipping venture, with the target to maintain a strategic distance from the fascination of alleged catching arrangements of the LDPC code. In this paper, we propose a capable mechanical assembly organizing which limits the favorable position overhead expected to execute the sporadic aggravations of the PGDBF. Our organizing relies on the usage of a Short Random Sequence (SRS) that is imitated to completely apply the PGDBF loosening up standards, and on an improvement of the most mind boggling pioneer unit.

The forthcoming high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard substantially improves the coding efficiency compared with the H.264 standard. It also brings in much higher computational complexity. Transcoding from H.264 to HEVC is an important step to enable gradual migration to HEVC. A low-complexity H.264 to HEVC transcoding algorithm based on motion vector clustering is proposed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce up to 40% of the computational time compared to the original method, while maintaining a high rate-distortion performance.

A low-complexity low-power multi-mode quasi-cycle low-density parity check decoder architecture for 60-GHz Gbit wireless communication is presented. A novel, dynamic column shifting scheme is introduced for a multi-mode architecture that provides a low complexity and fixed throughput across all rates. Novel low-complexity local switch architecture and its control values are described to implement the dynamic shifting scheme. Post-layout results show that the proposed architecture has low power consumption at high throughputs. It reduces about 57% memory and 31% area requirement compared to previously reported architecture.

Distributed video coding (DVC) is based on distributed source coding (DSC) concepts in which video statistics are used partially or completely at the decoder rather than the encoder. The rate-distortion (RD) performance of distributed video codecs substantially lags the conventional predictive video coding. Several techniques and methods are employed in DVC to overcome this performance gap and achieve high coding efficiency while maintaining low encoder computational complexity. However, it is still challenging to achieve coding efficiency and limit the computational complexity of the encoding and decoding process. The deployment of distributed residual video coding (DRVC) improves coding efficiency, but significant enhancements are still required to reduce these gaps. This paper proposes the QUAntized Transform ResIdual Decision (QUATRID) scheme that improves the coding efficiency by deploying the Quantized Transform Decision Mode (QUAM) at the encoder. The proposed QUATRID scheme’s main contribution is a design and integration of a novel QUAM method into DRVC that effectively skips the zero quantized transform (QT) blocks, thus limiting the number of input bit planes to be channel encoded and consequently reducing both the channel encoding and decoding computational complexity. Moreover, an online correlation noise model (CNM) is specifically designed for the QUATRID scheme and implemented at its decoder. This online CNM improves the channel decoding process and contributes to the bit rate reduction. Finally, a methodology for the reconstruction of the residual frame (R^) is developed that utilizes the decision mode information passed by the encoder, decoded quantized bin, and transformed estimated residual frame. The Bjøntegaard delta analysis of experimental results shows that the QUATRID achieves better performance over the DISCOVER by attaining the PSNR between 0.06 dB and 0.32 dB and coding efficiency, which varies from 5.4 to 10.48 percent. In addition to this, results determine that for all types of motion videos, the proposed QUATRID scheme outperforms the DISCOVER in terms of reducing the number of input bit-planes to be channel encoded and the entire encoder’s computational complexity. The number of bit plane reduction exceeds 97%, while the entire Wyner-Ziv encoder and channel coding computational complexity reduce more than nine-fold and 34-fold, respectively.

A novel low-complexity and high-quality colour demosaicking algorithm is proposed for very large-scale integration (VLSI) implementation for real-time video applications. It consists of a boundary detector, a boundary mirror model and five green and red–blue colour interpolation models. Two of the five interpolation models can be selected adaptively according to boundary and position information. In addition, a boundary mirror machine and identical direction technique were used to improve the qualities of the reconstructed images. To reduce the hardware cost, memory requirement and power consumption, a hardware-sharing technique and register bank design were used to realise the proposed algorithm. The VLSI architecture of this work contains only 2.9 K gate counts and its core area is 35 966 μm2 synthesised by a 0.18 μm CMOS process. The synthesised results show that this design performs an operating frequency of 100 MHz processing rate by consuming only 1.83 mW. Compared with the previous low-complexity designs, this work not only reduces at least 48.2% of gate counts and 96.7% of power consumption but also improves the average CPSNR quality by more than 0.78 dB.

Low complexity (LC) head domains 92 and 108 residues in length are, respectively, required for assembly of neurofilament light (NFL) and desmin intermediate filaments (IFs). As studied in isolation, these IF head domains interconvert between states of conformational disorder and labile, β-strand–enriched polymers. Solid-state NMR (ss-NMR) spectroscopic studies of NFL and desmin head domain polymers reveal spectral patterns consistent with structural order. A combination of intein chemistry and segmental isotope labeling allowed preparation of fully assembled NFL and desmin IFs that could also be studied by ss-NMR. Assembled IFs revealed spectra overlapping with those observed for β-strand–enriched polymers formed from the isolated NFL and desmin head domains. Phosphorylation and disease-causing mutations reciprocally alter NFL and desmin head domain self-association yet commonly impede IF assembly. These observations show how facultative structural assembly of LC domains via labile, β-strand–enriched self-interactions may broadly influence cell morphology.

A methionine-rich low complexity (LC) domain is found within a C-terminal region of the TDP43 RNA-binding protein. Self-association of this domain leads to the formation of labile cross-β polymers and liquid-like droplets. Treatment with H₂O₂ caused phenomena of methionine oxidation and dropletmelting that were reversed upon exposure of the oxidized protein to methionine sulfoxide reductase enzymes. Morphological features of the cross-β polymers were revealed by H₂O₂-mediated footprinting. Equivalent TDP43 LC domain footprints were observed in polymerized hydrogels, liquid-like droplets, and living cells. The ability of H₂O₂ to impede cross-β polymerization was abrogated by the prominent M337V amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-causing mutation. These observations may offer insight into the biological role of TDP43 in facilitating synapse-localized translation as well as aberrant aggregation of the protein in neurodegenerative diseases.