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This study investigated the long-term effects of humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in COPD patients with chronic hypoxemic respiratory failure treated with long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT). A total of 200 patients were randomized into usual care ± HFNC. At inclusion, acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) and hospital admissions 1 year before inclusion, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) score, St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ), 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO ) were recorded. Patients completed phone interviews at 1, 3 and 9 months assessing mMRC score and AECOPD since the last contact. At on-site visits (6 and 12 months), mMRC, number of AECOPD since last contact and SGRQ were registered and FEV , FEV %, PaCO and, at 12 months, 6MWT were reassessed. Hospital admissions during the study period were obtained from hospital records. Hours of the use of HFNC were retrieved from the high-flow device. The average daily use of HFNC was 6 hours/day. The HFNC group had a lower AECOPD rate (3.12 versus 4.95/patient/year, <0.001). Modeled hospital admission rates were 0.79 versus 1.39/patient/year for 12- versus 1-month use of HFNC, respectively ( <0.001). The HFNC group had improved mMRC scores from 3 months onward ( <0.001) and improved SGRQ at 6 and 12 months ( =0.002, =0.033) and PaCO ( =0.005) and 6MWT ( =0.005) at 12 months. There was no difference in all-cause mortality. HFNC treatment reduced AECOPD, hospital admissions and symptoms in COPD patients with hypoxic failure.

Background Dual bronchodilator therapy, consisting of a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA) and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), has proven effective for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, it remains uncertain whether there are efficacy differences between current and former smokers with COPD. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of LABA/LAMA therapies in both these groups. Methods The TOReTO trial assessed lung function, symptoms, health status, the occurrence of exacerbations, clinically significant exacerbations, and the use of LABA/LAMA therapies. These therapies include Tio/Olo, umeclidinium/vilanterol (Umec/Vi), and umeclidinium/vilanterol (Umec/Vi) are used in patients with COPD. The study examined the differences in outcomes between current and former smokers. To balance the baseline characteristics, propensity score matching (PSM) was employed. Results Data from 967 patients were collected. After PSM, the time to the first acute exacerbation in current smokers was analyzed separately for the three treatment groups and was significantly different between them (p = 0.0457). Among, there are differences in the occurrence of acute exacerbation between treatment and smoking status in Umec/Vi (p = 0.0114). There is no significant difference in the treatment of former smokers among the three different groups of LABA/LAMA fixed-dose combinations (p = 0.3079). COPD-related symptoms remained stable throughout the treatment period. There were no significant differences in symptom scores, including CAT and mMRC, among the three groups at the end of the study. Conclusions The three fixed-dose combinations of LABA/LAMA showed no difference in reducing exacerbations in former smokers but did show differences in current smokers. This trend has clinical significance, and future research will be conducted to control influencing variables to validate this point. However, due to the non-randomized study design, these findings should be interpreted with caution.

The aim of this study was to examine the changing influence over time of comorbid heart disease on symptoms and health status in patients with COPD. This is a prospective cohort study of 495 COPD patients with a baseline in 2005 and follow-up in 2012. The study population was divided into three groups: patients without heart disease (no-HD), those diagnosed with heart disease during the study period (new-HD) and those with heart disease at baseline (HD). Symptoms were measured using the mMRC. Health status was measured using the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) and the COPD Assessment Test (CAT; only available in 2012). Logistic regression with mMRC ≥2 and linear regression with CCQ and CAT scores in 2012 as dependent variables were performed unadjusted, adjusted for potential confounders, and additionally adjusted for baseline mMRC, respectively, CCQ scores. Mean mMRC worsened from 2005 to 2012 as follows: for the no-HD group from 1.8 (±1.3) to 2.0 (±1.4), ( =0.003), for new-HD from 2.2 (±1.3) to 2.4 (±1.4), ( =0.16), and for HD from 2.2 (±1.3) to 2.5 (±1.4), ( =0.03). In logistic regression adjusted for potential confounding factors, HD (OR 1.71; 95% CI: 1.03-2.86) was associated with mMRC ≥2. Health status worsened from mean CCQ as follows: for no-HD from 1.9 (±1.2) to 2.1 (±1.3) with ( =0.01), for new-HD from 2.3 (±1.5) to 2.6 (±1.6) with ( =0.07), and for HD from 2.4 (±1.1) to 2.5 (±1.2) with ( =0.57). In linear regression adjusted for potential confounders, HD (regression coefficient 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04-5.91) and new-HD (0.15; 0.89-5.92) were associated with higher CAT scores. In CCQ functional state domain, new-HD (0.14; 0.18-1.16) and HD (0.12; 0.04-0.92) were associated with higher scores. After additional correction for baseline mMRC and CCQ, no statistically significant associations were found. Heart disease contributes to lower health status and higher symptom burden in COPD but does not accelerate the worsening over time.

Background The GOLD 2011 document proposed a new classification system for COPD combining symptom assessment by COPD assessment test (CAT) or modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scores, and exacerbation risk. We postulated that classification of COPD would be different by the symptom scale; CAT vs mMRC. Methods Outpatients with COPD were enrolled from January to June in 2012. The patients were categorized into A, B, C, and D according to the GOLD 2011; patients were categorized twice with mMRC and CAT score for symptom assessment, respectively. Additionally, correlations between mMRC scores and each item of CAT scores were analyzed. Results Classification of 257 patients using the CAT score vs mMRC scale was as follows. By using CAT score, 60 (23.3%) patients were assigned to group A, 55 (21.4%) to group B, 21 (8.2%) to group C, and 121 (47.1%) to group D. On the basis of the mMRC scale, 97 (37.7%) patients were assigned to group A, 18 (7.0%) to group B, 62 (24.1%) to group C, and 80 (31.1%) to group D. The kappa of agreement for the GOLD groups classified by CAT and mMRC was 0.510. The mMRC score displayed a wide range of correlation with each CAT item (r = 0.290 for sputum item to r = 0.731 for dyspnea item, p < 0.001). Conclusions The classification of COPD produced by the mMRC or CAT score was not identical. Care should be taken when stratifying COPD patients with one symptom scale versus another according to the GOLD 2011 document.

Since forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV ) shows a weak correlation with patients' symptoms in COPD, some volume parameters may better reflect the change in dyspnea symptoms after treatment. In this article, we investigated the role of inspiratory capacity (IC) on dyspnea evaluation among COPD patients with or without emphysematous lesions. In this prospective study, 124 patients with stable COPD were recruited. During the baseline visit, patients performed pulmonary function tests and dyspnea evaluation using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) scale. Partial patients underwent quantitative computerized tomography scans under physicians' recommendations, and emphysematous changes were assessed using the emphysema index (EI; low attenuation area [LAA]% -950). These subjects were then divided into the emphysema-predominant group (LAA% -950≥9.9%) and the non-emphysema-predominant group (LAA% -950<9.9%). After treatment for ~1 month, subjects returned for reevaluation of both pulmonary function parameters and dyspnea severity. Correlation analysis between the change in IC (ΔIC) and dyspnea (ΔmMRC) was performed. Correlation analysis revealed that ΔIC was negatively correlated with ΔmMRC (correlation coefficient [cc], -0.490, <0.001) in the total study population, which was stronger than that between ΔFEV and ΔmMRC (cc, -0.305, =0.001). Patients with absolute ΔmMRC >1 were more likely to exhibit a marked increase in IC (≥300 mL) than those with absolute ΔmMRC ≤1 (74.36% versus 35.29%; odds ratio [OR], 5.317; <0.001). In the emphysema-predominant group, only ΔIC strongly correlated with ΔmMRC (cc, -0.459, =0.005), while ΔFEV did not ( >0.05). IC could serve as an effective complement to FEV in COPD patients undergoing dyspnea evaluation after treatment. For COPD patients with predominant emphysematous lesions, an increase in IC is particularly more suitable for explaining dyspnea relief than FEV .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1804455.].

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations require accurate severity assessment for optimal management. This study investigated serum cystatin C as a potential biomarker for evaluating acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) severity and its correlation with established clinical assessment tools. A cross-sectional study enrolled 389 consecutive AECOPD patients hospitalized from June 2021 to December 2023. Patient demographics, laboratory parameters, arterial blood gases, CAT scores, mMRC grading, and GOLD staging were collected. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlation, ANOVA, multiple regression, ROC curve analysis, and restricted cubic spline modeling. Patients averaged 68.71 ± 0.8 years with 71.7% male pre-dominance. Cystatin C levels progressively increased across CAT score severity groups: mild (< 10 points) 1.080 ± 0.32 mg/L, moderate (10-20) 1.380 ± 0.41 mg/L, severe (21-30) 1.720 ± 0.52 mg/L, and very severe (>30) 2.150 ± 0.68 mg/L ( = 78.42, < 0.001). Strong positive correlations existed between cystatin C and CAT scores ( = 0.687), mMRC grading ( = 0.612), and GOLD staging ( = 0.534, all < 0.001). Multiple regression confirmed cystatin C as an independent CAT score predictor (β = 5.89, 95%CI: 4.72-7.06, < 0.001). For severe AECOPD prediction (CAT ≥ 21), cystatin C demonstrated good diagnostic performance with AUC 0.847 (95%CI: 0.807-0.887), optimal cutoff 1.52 mg/L, sensitivity 81.5%, and specificity 78.2%. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a significant non-linear dose-response relationship ( = 0.023). Serum cystatin C strongly correlates with AECOPD severity across multiple assessment scales and demonstrates good diagnostic accuracy, supporting its potential as a reliable biomarker for clinical severity evaluation in COPD exacerbations.

The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of environmental factors on the differential expression of microRNAs in the peripheral blood of migratory and local patients in northern People's Republic of China and on clinical symptoms of local patients in northern People's Republic of China with COPD. A total of 118 patients in the northern region and 8 migratory patients were enrolled in this prospective study. We collected general information. Blood samples were collected from 9 patients in the Beijing group, from 8 patients in the migratory group and from 9 healthy control subjects. After extracting the total RNA from these 3 groups, serum miRNA was identified by Solexa sequencing. We collected COPD assessment test (CAT) and Modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) scores at different levels of air pollution and also collected the number of exacerbations over the year prior to the baseline and in the year preceding the follow-up. In total 9 miRNAs were differentially expressed. When air quality index (AQI) >100, the CAT and mMRC scores at baseline were significantly higher than those when the AQI ≤100 ( <0.001). When AQI >100, the follow-up CAT and mMRC scores were significantly higher than those when AQI ≤100 ( <0.001). Follow-up mMRC scores were significantly higher than baseline scores ( =0.04). When AQI ≤100, the baseline CAT score of the group with fewer symptoms was 6.50 (4.00-8.75). However, when AQI >100, the baseline CAT score of this fewer symptoms group was 10.00 (6.25-12.00). The median CAT score was close to 10. When AQI ≤100, the follow-up CAT score of the fewer symptoms group was 8.00 (4.25-12.00). However, when AQI >100, the follow-up CAT score of the fewer symptoms group was 9.50 (6.00-16.75). The median CAT score was close to 10. Environmental factors may cause differential expression of miRNAs in the peripheral blood of migratory and local patients in northern People's Republic of China. Air pollution may aggravate clinical symptoms of patients with COPD.