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本研究以12名中學國語文教師為研究對象，就教師認知、教學資源與教學實踐三個面向，進行結構化深度訪談，將所得資料轉譯為口語報告，再進行編碼與歸類分析。期透過教育理想與教育現場兩方對話，對語文教育政策之落實現況更深入理解，並據此提出國語文教育的政策建議。本研究結果顯示：一、教師最關注教師專業，具備高省思與評鑑能力，期待專業成長，盼望將所學轉化運用於課室。不過，教育單位提供的精進課程未能符合需求，在進行時也欠缺適當配套措施，且未能有足夠時間讓教師轉化所學，影響落實的成效。二、國語文課綱揭示的素養有關概念已內化為教師認知，但高層次概念較少被提及。三、各校硬體資源分配不平均，教學運用上仍可再精進。教學文本趨精美多元，但選文未符整體性、脈絡化與多元化，且教師對教材有較大依賴性，少數自編教材亦較少納入核心素養。四、現場教學活動多元，趨向學習者中心。但學生能力、評量與家長期待等因素，影響新式教學的落實。綜上，本研究對國語文教育建議如下：一、植基於教師專業知能與專業成長期待，規劃精進課程，提供課務協助有關配套措施，並培養轉化能力。二、將教師教學想像與更高層次的課綱目標連結，以有效落實課綱精神。三、善用教師的專業與教學經驗，改善教科書選文，同時鼓勵教師教材編撰，使其更系統、多元，符合學生經驗與課綱精神。四、將課綱揭示的高層次能力與評量結合，使教學朝向政策目標，同時增加素養教學意義之社會宣導，以協助教師更順利達成素養教學的目標。 Structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 12 junior-high school Mandarin teachers to explore their opinions regarding three dimensions of Mandarin Education Policy － teacher acknowledgment, resources, and practices. The obtained data were first transcribed into verbal protocol, and classification and analysis were subsequently conducted according to a coding schema. Through discussion of the concepts and situation of Mandarin education, in-depth insight was obtained about the policy’s implementation. Based on the obtained insights, recommendations are proposed for the future Mandarin Education Policy. The study results revealed the following: First, teachers were most concerned about their professional development, demonstrating their strong abilities of reflection and evaluation, anticipation of professional growth, and goal of translating theory into practice. However, according to teachers, the in-service training provided by existing educational institutes is unsatisfactory, involves inadequate follow-up evaluations, and provides insufficient time for practice. These factors influence the policy’s effectiveness. Second, the concepts related to literacy presented in the Mandarin curricula were internalized within teachers’ schema, but high-level literacy concepts were rarely mentioned in their reports. Third, the distribution of hardware among schools was reported to be unequal and thus can be improved. Teachers reported that the curriculum textbooks are refined and diverse but fail to form a systematic framework. Finally, teachers claimed that teaching activities are diverse and oriented toward a learner-centered teaching method. However, differences in the abilities of students, assessments, expectations of parents influence their teaching. Based on the above observations, suggestions are presented for framing future policies pertaining to Mandarin education: First, in-service training courses should be based on the professional knowledge and growth expectations of teachers. Moreover, a habit of implementing theory into practical scenarios should be cultivated. Second, teachers should be encouraged to be more creative and undertake courses more closely related to the high level objectives of the curricula. Third, the Mandarin literature expertise and teaching experience of teachers should be utilized to improve textbook selection and compiling. Thus, the texts could be more relevant, diverse, and appropriate for students’ experiences. Finally, the high-level literacy abilities that are aims of the curricula should be incorporated into teaching materials and assessment, and promoted among parents to gain more support.

本研究以12 名中學國語文教師為研究對象，就教師認知、教學資源與教學實踐三個面向，進行結構化深度訪談，將所得資料轉譯為口語報告，再進行編碼與歸類分析。期透過教育理想與教育現場兩方對話，對語文教育政策之落實現況更深入理解，並據此提出國語文教育的政策建議。本研究結果顯示：一、教師最關注教師專業，具備高省思與評鑑能力，期待專業成長，盼望將所學轉化運用於課室。不過，教育單位提供的精進課程未能符合需求，在進行時也欠缺適當配套措施，且未能有足夠時間讓教師轉化所學，影響落實的成效。二、國語文課綱揭示的素養有關概念已內化為教師認知，但高層次概念較少被提及。三、各校硬體資源分配不平均，教學運用上仍可再精進。教學文本趨精美多元，但選文未符整體性、脈絡化與多元化，且教師對教材有較大依賴性，少數自編教材亦較少納入核心素養。四、現場教學活動多元，趨向學習者中心。但學生能力、評量與家長期待等因素，影響新式教學的落實。綜上，本研究對國語文教育建議如下：一、植基於教師專業知能與專業成長期待，規劃精進課程，提供課務協助有關配套措施，並培養轉化能力。二、將教師教學想像與更高層次的課綱目標連結，以有效落實課綱精神。三、善用教師的專業與教學經驗，改善教科書選文，同時鼓勵教師教材編撰，使其更系統、多元，符合學生經驗與課綱精神。四、將課綱揭示的高層次能力與評量結合，使教學朝向政策目標，同時增加素養教學意義之社會宣導，以協助教師更順利達成素養教學的目標

Hong Kong’s ‘trilingual and biliterate’ language policy (TaB, 三語兩文 ) is almost as old as the special administrative region (SAR) itself. Through free education and language support measures in school, students are expected to be conversant in English and Putonghua in addition to Cantonese, and be able to read and understand written Chinese and English. After being implemented for over two decades, however, there are signs that most students’ language standards in Chinese and English fall short of the TaB target, as measured by the public examination results of successive generations of secondary school leavers. Designed with essentially Cantonese-dominant Hongkongers in mind, the TaB policy consists of many measures, with the ‘medium of instruction streaming policy’ introduced since September 1998 being the most controversial. Driven by the twin principles of monolingual English-medium instruction (EMI) and ‘no language mixing allowed’, secondary schools are divided into two streams. Stringent requirements must be met before a school could claim to be an EMI school. According to this ‘late immersion’ model for students aged 11–12 at secondary level, every year about 30 percent of the primary school leavers are allocated to an EMI school. Following Li ( Multilingual Hong Kong: languages, literacies and identities . Springer, Cham, 2017), this paper will first discuss why the TaB target is such a tall order for Cantonese-dominant students by reviewing the relevant literature along five inter-related dimensions: contrastive linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, cognitive neuroscience, and instructional strategies and bilingual pedagogies. I will then examine the SAR government’s language support measures to assess their effectiveness and explore possible alternatives. The paper will end with a number of recommendations, which together constitute an LPP (language policy and planning) roadmap for improving the chance with which the TaB policy is likely to produce more positive outcomes. (i) To re-prioritize the investment and extent of language support by strengthening the quality of language input at the key stages of learning from age 3–9, which in curriculum terms correspond with K1–P3; (ii) To use Cantonese as the medium of instruction for teaching all subjects except English and Putonghua as separate subjects at preschool (K1–K3, age 3–6); (iii) To explore the possibility of implementing total immersion in Putonghua for three years at lower primary level (P1–P3, age 6–9); (iv) To abandon the ‘maximum exposure, no mixing’ dogma in secondary education and to encourage basic and action research in bilingual pedagogies and instructional strategies informed by Content-and-language integrated learning (CLIL); (v) To attract academically bright and linguistically gifted students to receive professional training and be prepared and committed for a career in language teaching; and (vi) To encourage civil servants of various government offices, schoolteachers, and university staff to initiate a ‘speak English/Putonghua where we can’ campaign. For these policy measures to be successfully implemented and bear fruit, apart from careful planning, there ought to be strong leadership from within the government and the education sector, plus mechanisms for coordinating concerted actions on the part of various groups of stakeholders, notably teachers, school principals, educationalists, and experts of language teaching and learning in academia.

Universities worldwide, in placing a greater emphasis on global mobility, have recently seen a growing number of in- and outbound students. Parallel to this development has been the need to internationalize individual campuses, an important aspect of which is to have a common language (or languages) used for communication. The language policies in Asian universities have been complicated by the growing presence of international students who may only understand one of the languages used as the medium of instruction, typically English. Drawing on Tinto's integration (Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1987) and Spolsky's language policy (Language management, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009) frameworks, this exploratory, perceptual study solicits the views from 38 international students on the implementation of a bilingual education policy, especially with respect to whether the policy facilitated these sojourners' academic and social integration at a Taiwanese university that is actively advocating internationalization. The findings suggest that Mandarin Chinese continues to be the mainstream medium of instruction and social activities, while English is used rather sparingly and on an as-needed basis. The recognition of the growing economic power of China and importance of Chinese as well as the scholarships provided may have overridden these sojourners' integration concerns and challenges arising from the underuse of English as a lingua franca. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).

Chinese/Mandarin language teaching to undergraduate students from non-Chinese speaker countries has garnered significant attention due to China's pivotal role in global political and economic transformations. Mandarin, spoken by 70% of the Chinese population, is not only taught within China but also in several other countries. However, similar to teaching any second or foreign language, instructing Mandarin comes with its share of challenges, which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been thoroughly explored. To delve into these issues, we employed a qualitative (phenomenological) research approach. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 15 teachers and 20 Mandarin language learners, selected using theoretical sampling. Subsequently, the interviews were transcribed into text files and analyzed utilizing qualitative data analysis software, MAXQDA. The challenges and problems identified were categorized into four primary themes: linguistic, educational, psychological, and social/political. The findings hold potential implications for Chinese/Mandarin language policymakers, educators, curriculum developers, and learners.

In this opening commentary, we draw on Ruiz’s (NABE J 8:15–34, 1984 ) metaphorical representations of language to outline the ideological and implementational spaces for language policy making in Greater China. In particular, we highlight how the ‘resource’ orientation allows different stakeholders to negotiate the development of language policies that may help preserve linguistic diversity within a tradition of seeing linguistic unity as foundational to national unity. To illustrate this, we present an analysis of media texts on a major language policy initiative in mainland China and examine relevant discussions in other Chinese contexts. We contend that this ‘resource’ orientation has a significant role in defining the implementational space for language policy making in Greater China, despite the critique that may be levelled at it.

Previous studies have revealed that functional health literacy plays a less important role than communicative and critical health literacy (CRHL) and that communicative literacy and CRHL contribute more to better patient self-management. Although improving health literacy has been identified as an approach to fostering community involvement and empowerment, CRHL may be regarded as the neglected domain of health literacy, rarely achieving any focus or interventions that claim to be working toward this outcome. Considering this research background, close scholarly attention needs to be paid to CRHL and its associated factors. This study aimed to assess CRHL and identify essential factors closely associated with the status of CRHL among Chinese patients and to provide some implications for clinical practice, health education, medical research, and public health policy making. We conducted this cross-sectional study, which lasted from April 8, 2022, to September 23, 2022, following the steps below. We first designed a 4-section survey questionnaire and then recruited Mandarin Chinese-speaking patients from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China, using randomized sampling. Subsequently, we administered the questionnaire via wenjuanxing, the most popular web-based survey platform in China, between July 20, 2022, and August 19, 2022. Finally, we used latent class modeling to analyze the valid data collected to classify the patient participants and identify the factors potentially associated with different CRHL levels. All data in the 588 returned questionnaires were valid. On the basis of the collected data, we classified the patient participants into 3 latent classes of limited, moderate, and adequate CRHL and identified 4 factors associated with limited CRHL, including middle and old age, male sex, lower educational attainment, and low internal drive to maintain one's health. Using latent class modeling, we identified 3 classes of CRHL and 4 factors associated with limited CRHL among the Chinese study participants. These literacy classes and the predicting factors ascertained in this study can provide some implications for clinical practice, health education, medical research, and health policy making.

This study examined how three champion principals of Asian language dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs—Cantonese, Korean, and Mandarin—in California have navigated the oscillating language-in-education policies after the Lau decision. We explored principals' various roles through a lens of agency in a social justice leadership framework, specifically considering the opportunities and challenges for agentive leadership from three different phases: foregrounding and engaging , planning and implementing , and evaluating and sustaining . Findings demonstrate that the success of DLBE programs goes beyond the overarching language policies that supposedly enable bilingual education; rather it hinges on the bottom-up commitment, collaboration and resilience of principals, teachers, and parent communities. The blanket policies at the state level often overlooked Asian languages and the unique needs of Asian teachers and communities in DLBE schools, limiting principal agency. Within these confines, principals consistently engaged in advocacy work, such as in teacher recruitment, hiring and work distribution, and curriculum design and assessment, contributing to the growth and sustainability of their programs. By elevating these champions and their experiences and perspectives, this study reflects upon the politicized path to bilingual education 50 years after the Lau case and contributes valuable insights to inform future implementational research, practice, and policy, ensuring the continued flourishing of Asian language bilingual education for the growing constituency of Asian-identifying students.

The shift to emergency remote teaching due to COVID-19 brought diverse psychological, emotional, and academic challenges for second language (L2) learners. Overcoming these challenges necessitated the utilization of grit, a personality trait signifying perseverance and passion to sustain academic progress. While grit and emotions have been explored in English language learning, their interaction remains underexplored in other languages. Despite Mandarin Chinese being widely learned globally, little previous work has been done to investigate learners’ psychological experiences, the function of L2 grit, and the relationshi p between them in online learning from the perspective of positive psychology. This might lead to an incomplete understanding of this pattern across domains and contexts, thus impeding the development of this discipline. This study uses a structural equation model to analyze the relationship between L2 grit, anxiety, boredom, and enjoyment based on 204 valid responses from Chinese as a Second Language learners in mainland China. Results underscore the importance of one facet of L2 grit, perseverance of effort in online Chinese language learning, and highlight the domain-specific nature of emotions. It also suggests that educators need not be overly concerned about negative emotions in online education, as they can be overridden by positive emotions.

Through ethnographic fieldwork and sociological theory drawing from French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, this article describes possibilities and restrictions for Chinese language education for Chinese-diasporic youth in the San Francisco area, 50 years after Lau v. Nichols . I examine four sites of this education, all of which serve these youth across a range of socioeconomic and language backgrounds in the metropolitan San Francisco Bay Area: a longstanding community-based school in San Francisco Chinatown, a private after-school program in an affluent suburb, a public high school in an affluent suburb, and a public high school in a working-class and ethnically diverse city in the East Bay area. These sites are variably defined and distinguished by social struggles to acquire and define what Bourdieu called linguistic cultural capital, or the communicative practices culturally and economically valued within a social context. I argue that educational affordances suited specifically to the diasporic-multilingual backgrounds and competences of these youth remain limited, such that the “monolingual orthodoxy” of language education prevails due to multiple social factors, ranging from the rising eminence of Mandarin language to progressive ideals of racial educational equity.