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This book engages in the historical analysis of interpreters (of both language and cultures) in multiple interpreting settings and places, including in zones which are less frequently studied in specialized literature, in different historical periods and at various scales.

In 1806, High Court judge Luiz Gonzaga de Carvalho e Britto published the first Portuguese manual devoted to making property-register books. In this, he advocated a curious method for surveying and drawing estate maps, one based on his own experience as a mapmaker. Britto's aim in compiling the manual was to instruct other judges in the map-making techniques needed for registering property. In this article, Britto's maps and method of map making, as articulated in his manual, offer a window into the practice of estate mapping in early nineteenth-century Portugal. They also convey an idea that was controversial in its time: that judges themselves should be involved in the production of estate maps. While estate mapping was common across Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in Portugal they were a rare phenomenon, hence the scarcity of these maps in archives, and the uniqueness of Britto's example.

Scotland's Pariah is the first book to examine the remarkable life of John Pinkerton: antiquarian, poet, forger, cartographer, historian, serial adulterer, bigamist, and religious skeptic. A pugnacious and persistent man of letters who knew and was admired by literary masters such as Edward Gibbon, Horace Walpole, and William Godwin, Pinkerton's life was full of personal and professional misadventures.Patrick O'Flaherty's biography presents an engrossing account of Pinkerton's life and works from his early years in Scotland to his Parisian exile, covering his major editorial, antiquarian, and geographic works. Examining Pinkerton's involvement in the London literary scene, his conflicted relationship with the rise of Celtic nationalism, and his response to early literary romanticism, Scotland's Pariah is a shrewd and compassionate evaluation of an astonishing literary life.

A culmination of decades of research on field notes, plats, correspondence, legislation, and observations of surveyors, cartographers, government officials, military commanders, Native Americans, early settlers, and land speculators, this volume is the first of its kind in nearly a century. Interweaving the history of Ohio and biographies of the individuals associated with surveying and mapping, Blazes, Posts and Stones is a must-read book about the non-sequential development of Ohio lands and its subdivisions. The book is complete with maps and figures and provides technical descriptions of them. An excellent resource for county engineers, but also for those who have an interest in Ohio history.

De novo construction of complete genetic linkage maps requires large mapping populations, large numbers of genetic markers, and efficient algorithms for ordering markers and evaluating order confidence. We constructed a complete genetic map of an individual loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers segregating in haploid megagametophytes and PGRI mapping software. We generated 521 polymorphic fragments from 21 AFLP primer pairs. A total of 508 fragments mapped to 12 linkage groups, which is equal to the Pinus haploid chromosome number. Bootstrap locus order matrices and recombination matrices generated by PGRI were used to select 184 framework markers that could be ordered confidently. Order support was also evaluated using log likelihood criteria in MAPMAKER. Optimal marker orders from PGRI and MAPMAKER were identical, but the implied reliability of orders differed greatly. The framework map provides nearly complete coverage of the genome, estimated at approximately 1700 cM in length using a modified estimator. This map should provide a useful framework for merging existing loblolly pine maps and adding multiallelic markers as they become available. Map coverage with dominant markers in both linkage phases will make the map useful for subsequent quantitative trait locus mapping in families derived by self-pollination.

In The Baron in the Grand Canyon, Steven Rowan presents the first comprehensive look at the life of Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Egloffstein, mapmaker, artist, explorer, and inventor. Utilizing new German and American sources, Rowan clarifies many mysteries about the life of this major artist and cartographer of the American West. This revealing account concentrates on Egloffstein's activity in the American mountain West from 1853 to 1858. The early chapters cover his roots as a member of an imperial baronial family in Franconia, his service in the Prussian army, his arrival in the United States in 1846, and his links to his scandalous gothic-novelist cousin, Baron Ludwig von Reizenstein. Egloffstein's work as a cartographer in St. Louis in the 1840s led to his participation in John C. Frémont's final expedition to the West in 1853 and 1854. He left Frémont for Salt Lake City where he joined the Gunnison Expedition under the leadership of Edward Beckwith. During this time, Egloffstein produced his most outstanding panoramas and views of the expedition, which were published in Pacific Railroad Reports. Egloffstein also served along with Heinrich Balduin Möllhusen as one of the artists and as the chief cartographer of Joseph Christmas Ives's expedition up the Colorado River. The two large maps produced by Egloffstein for the expedition report are regarded as classics of American art and cartography in the nineteenth century. While with the Ives expedition, Egloffstein performed his revolutionary experiments in printing photographic images. He developed a procedure for working from photographs of plaster models of terrain, and that led him to invent \"heliography,\" a method of creating printing plates directly from photographs. He later went on to launch a company to exploit his photographic printing process, which closed after only a few years of operation. Among the many images in this engaging narrative are photographs of the Egloffstein castle and of Egloffstein in 1865 and in his later years. Also include are illustrations that were published in the PRR, such as \"View Showing the Formation of the Cañon of Grand River [today called the Gunnison River] / near the Mouth of Lake Fork with Indications of the Formidable Side Cañons\" and Beckwith Map 1: \"From the Valley of Green River to the Great Salt Lake.\"

We have constructed linkage maps for two parents of white spruce [ Picea glauca (Moench) Voss]. Haploid megagametophytes from 92 and 96 seeds of parents M2 and 80132, respectively, were analysed with RAPD, SCAR and ESTP markers. Fragments segregating in a 1:1 Mendelian ratio were classified and mapped using MAPMAKER, GMENDEL and JOINMAP. For M2, the analysis with JOINMAP resulted in 165 loci (152 RAPDs, 3 SCARs and 10 ESTPs) mapping to 23 linkage groups and covering 2,059.4 cM(Kosambi function, K). For 80132, the analysis resulted in 144 loci (137 RAPDs, 1 SCAR and 7 ESTPs) mapping to 19 linkage groups and covering 2,007.7 cM(K). The maps covered 87 and 73% of the entire genome of parents M2 and 80132, respectively. Similar results were obtained with MAPMAKER and GMENDEL. A comparison was made between the two individual maps and 16 loci were shared between the two maps.

Over a three-year period from 1837 to 1939, operating from a base-camp at Fort Confidence on Great Bear Lake, the expedition achieved its goal. Despite serious problems with sea ice, Dease and Simpson, in some of the longest small-boat voyages in the history of the Arctic, mapped the remaining gaps in a model operation of efficient, economical, and safe exploration. Thomas Simpson's narrative, the standard source on the expedition, claimed the expedition's success for himself, stating \"Dease is a worthy, indolent, illiterate soul, and moves just as I give the impulse.\" In >From Barrow to Boothia William Barr shows that Dease's contribution was absolutely crucial to the expedition's success and makes Dease's sober, sensible, and modest account of the expedition available.

The first general history of Korea as seen through maps, Korea: A Cartographic History provides a beautifully illustrated introduction to how Korea was and is represented cartographically. John Rennie Short, one of today's most prolific and well-respected geographers, encapsulates six hundred years of maps made by Koreans and non-Koreans alike. Largely chronological in its organization, Korea begins by examining the differing cartographic traditions prevalent in the early Joseon period in Korea—roughly 1400 to 1600—and its temporal equivalent in early modern Europe. As one of the longest continuous dynasties, Joseon rule encompassed an enormous range and depth of cartographic production. Short then surveys the cartographic encounters from 1600 to 1900, distinguishing between the early and late Joseon periods and highlighting the influences of China, Japan, and the rest of the world on Korean cartography. In his final section, Short covers the period from Japanese colonial control of Korea to the present day and demonstrates how some of the tumultuous events of the past hundred years are recorded and contested in maps. He also explores recent cartographic controversies, including the naming of the East Sea/Sea of Japan and claims of ownership of the island of Dokdo. A common theme running throughout Short's study is how the global flow of knowledge and ideas affects mapmaking, and Short reveals how Korean mapmakers throughout history have embodied, reflected, and even contested these foreign depictions of their homeland.

Selective genotyping is a cost-saving strategy in mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs). When the proportion of individuals selected for genotyping is low, the majority of the individuals are not genotyped, but their phenotypic values, if available, are still included in the data analysis to correct the bias in parameter estimation. These ungenotyped individuals do not contribute much information about linkage analysis and their inclusion can substantially increase the computational burden. For multiple trait analysis, ungenotyped individuals may not have a full array of phenotypic measurements. In this case, unbiased estimation of QTL effects using current methods seems to be impossible. In this study, we develop a maximum likelihood method of QTL mapping under selective genotyping using only the phenotypic values of genotyped individuals. Compared with the full data analysis (using all phenotypic values), the proposed method performs well. We derive an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm that appears to be a simple modification of the existing EM algorithm for standard interval mapping. The new method can be readily incorporated into a standard QTL mapping software, e.g. MAPMAKER . A general recommendation is that whenever full data analysis is possible, the full maximum likelihood analysis should be performed. If it is impossible to analyse the full data, e.g. sample sizes are too large, phenotypic values of ungenotyped individuals are missing or composite interval mapping is to be performed, the proposed method can be applied.