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Caribbean Migrations
With mass migration changing the configuration of societies worldwide, we can look to the Caribbean to reflect on the long-standing, entangled relations between countries and areas as uneven in size and influence as the United States, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica. More so than other world regions, the Caribbean has been characterized as an always already colonial region. It has long been a key area for empires warring over influence spheres in the new world, and where migration waves from Africa, Europe, and Asia accompanied every political transformation over the last five centuries. In Caribbean Migrations, an interdisciplinary group of humanities and social science scholars study migration from a long-term perspective, analyzing the Caribbean's \"unincorporated subjects\" from a legal, historical, and cultural standpoint, and exploring how despite often fractured public spheres, Caribbean intellectuals, artists, filmmakers, and writers have been resourceful at showcasing migration as the hallmark of our modern age.
eBook
Gifts of the Immigrants, Woes of the Natives
In this article, I jointly investigate the political and the economic effects of immigration, and study the causes of anti-immigrant sentiments. I exploit exogenous variation in European immigration to U.S. cities between 1910 and 1930 induced by World War I and the Immigration Acts of the 1920s, and instrument immigrants’ location decision relying on pre-existing settlement patterns. I find that immigration triggered hostile political reactions, such as the election of more conservative legislators, higher support for anti-immigration legislation, and lower redistribution. Exploring the causes of natives’ backlash, I document that immigration increased natives’ employment, spurred industrial production, and did not generate losses even among natives working in highly exposed sectors. These findings suggest that opposition to immigration was unlikely to have economic roots. Instead, I provide evidence that natives’ political discontent was increasing in the cultural differences between immigrants and natives. Results in this article indicate that, even when diversity is economically beneficial, it may nonetheless be socially hard to manage.
Journal Article
Legal Responses to Forced Mass Migration – American Perspectives
Mass migration, including forced mass migration, in the Americas tends to conjure images of illegal immigration, most frequently from Latin America to the United States. The reality of forced mass migration in the Americas is, however, quite different, complex and multifaceted. Set against the backdrop of political turmoil and increased threats of environmental changes, forced mass migration in the Americas is highly nuanced and requires a flexible legal and organizational framework. This requirement has been consistently met through a series of international and regional treaties and norms as well as through the flexibility of regional organizations in responding to new or dramatically increasing forced mass migration patterns. This paper outlines these responses and trends through the lens of the mass migration from Venezuela. It asserts that how international and regional law, organizations, and States have responded to this crisis presents an example of the ways that legal responses to forced mass migrations have been implemented in the Americas.
Journal Article
Of Labor’s Weave and Fortune’s Hand: Unraveling the Complexities of Workforce Dynamics in the UK
Internationalization of markets and migration challenges have unveiled various aspects of labor markets and sustainable practices. It is critical to comprehend how these phenomena are related and intertwined to address these issues with the right policies. This study has examined the impact of globalization, mass migration, and sustainable labor practices and provided valuable insights into the existing literature and policy formulation. Qualitative research methodology was employed in this study and data was collected by interviewing employer representatives, policymakers, and officials from labor unions. The data analysis involved thematic analysis of key themes and patterns. The findings of this study highlighted a complicated relationship among processes such as globalization, migration, and work sustainability and emphasized that globalization is both facilitating and constraining for organizations, and mass migration was understood as ensuring the supply of labor, threatening social fabric of host countries and creating precarious working conditions for migrants. It was also found that some of the sustainable labor practices were prioritized by policymakers, although they had different challenges in implementing them, especially in the case of migrant workers. This study also provided deep understanding of the impacts of globalization and international migration on migrants and their host countries socially, politically, economically and culturally. Hence, the need for sustainable and pro-migrant policies, and pro-maternal relations that protects the interests of both migrant laborers and employers. Thus, the findings and policy implications which were formulated by using Hofstede’s Dimensions theory and Carroll’s Pyramid theory can help policymakers and organizations work out effective strategies to address the consequences of these global processes on the global labor markets.
Journal Article
From nanoscopic to macroscopic photo-driven motion in azobenzene-containing materials
The illumination of azobenzene molecules with UV/visible light efficiently converts the molecules between
and
isomerization states. Isomerization is accompanied by a large photo-induced molecular motion, which is able to significantly affect the physical and chemical properties of the materials in which they are incorporated. In some material systems, the nanoscopic structural movement of the isomerizing azobenzene molecules can be even propagated at macroscopic spatial scales. Reversible large-scale superficial photo-patterning and mechanical photo-actuation are efficiently achieved in azobenzene-containing glassy materials and liquid crystalline elastomers, respectively. This review covers several aspects related to the phenomenology and the applications of the light-driven macroscopic effects observed in these two classes of azomaterials, highlighting many of the possibilities they offer in different fields of science, like photonics, biology, surface engineering and robotics.
Journal Article
The New Humanitarian Crisis in Ukraine: Coping With the Public Health Impact of Hybrid Warfare, Mass Migration, and Mental Health Trauma
One of the largest mass movements of displaced people from their homelands in recent history must be recognized and assisted by the Free World. The unprovoked Russian attacks on Ukraine beginning in February 2022 will leave long-lasting devastating effects on millions of innocent victims. Nations worldwide, especially NATO member countries, will need to intervene to ameliorate the situation. This letter describes major public health issues apart from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that are emerging concerns, such as shortages of health-care professionals, chronic care treatments and health prevention services, disinformation communication campaigns affecting the health-care infrastructure, and the generational impact of the conflict on people’s mental health. A global response and public health support need immediate action, including humanitarian assistance, food security, clean water supplies, adequate shelter, and safe transportation out of the active military zones.
Journal Article
Survival Migration
International treaties, conventions, and organizations to protect refugees were established in the aftermath of World War II to protect people escaping targeted persecution by their own governments. However, the nature of cross-border displacement has transformed dramatically since then. Such threats as environmental change, food insecurity, and generalized violence force massive numbers of people to flee states that are unable or unwilling to ensure their basic rights, as do conditions in failed and fragile states that make possible human rights deprivations. Because these reasons do not meet the legal understanding of persecution, the victims of these circumstances are not usually recognized as \"refugees,\" preventing current institutions from ensuring their protection. In this book, Alexander Betts develops the concept of \"survival migration\" to highlight the crisis in which these people find themselves.
Examining flight from three of the most fragile states in Africa-Zimbabwe, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Somalia-Betts explains variation in institutional responses across the neighboring host states. There is massive inconsistency. Some survival migrants are offered asylum as refugees; others are rounded up, detained, and deported, often in brutal conditions. The inadequacies of the current refugee regime are a disaster for human rights and gravely threaten international security. InSurvival Migration, Betts outlines these failings, illustrates the enormous human suffering that results, and argues strongly for an expansion of protected categories.
eBook
The Refugee Advantage: English-Language Attainment in the Early Twentieth Century
The United States has admitted more than 3 million refugees since 1980 through official refugee resettlement programs. Scholars attribute the success of refugee groups to governmental programs on assimilation and integration. Before 1948, however, refugees arrived without formal selection processes or federal support. We examine the integration of historical refugees using a large archive of recorded oral history interviews to understand linguistic attainment of migrants who arrived in the early twentieth century. Using fine-grained measures of vocabulary, syntax and accented speech, we find that refugee migrants achieved a greater depth of English vocabulary than did economic/family migrants, a finding that holds even when comparing migrants from the same country of origin or religious group. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that refugees had greater exposure to English or more incentive to learn, due to the conditions of their arrival and their inability to immediately return to their origin country.
Journal Article
Study on the Fine Particle Migration Characteristics of Silty Clay Under Cyclic Loading
The characteristics of railway subgrade mud pumping is that the subgrade soil forms mud and migrates upward along the pores of the track bed under the train load. The migration of fine particles will not only cause ballast fouling and reduce the elasticity of the ballast, but also lead to the reduction of the subgrade strength and the uneven settlement of the track, which seriously threatens driving safety. In this paper, the self-developed fine particle migration test device was used to conduct tests on saturated silty clay, and the effects of different cyclic loading amplitudes and initial dry densities of subgrade soil on the characteristics of fine particle migration were analyzed. Based on Computed Tomography (CT) scanning technology, the migration characteristics of fine particles in saturated silty clay under cyclic loading were studied from a mesoscopic perspective. The results show that with the increase in loading time, the mass of migrated fine particles increases nonlinearly, and the increase rate gradually reduces. The maximum mass of migrated fine particles increases with the increase of the cyclic loading amplitude, and decreases with the increase of the initial dry density of the subgrade soil. Finally, based on the test results, an evolution equation of fine particle migration mass under cyclic loading is established, and the accuracy and applicability of the evolution equation were verified by several groups of fine particle migration test data.
Journal Article