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Land use and land cover as a conditioning factor in landslide susceptibility: a literature review
Landslide occurrence has become increasingly influenced by human activities. Accordingly, changing land use and land cover (LULC) is an important conditioning factor in landslide susceptibility models. We present a bibliometric analysis and review of how LULC was explored in the context of landslide susceptibility in 536 scientific articles from 2001 to 2020. The pattern of publications and citations reveals that most articles hardly focus on the relationship between LULC and landslides despite a growing interest in this topic. Most research outputs came from Asian countries (some of which are frequently affected by landslides), and mostly with prominent international collaboration. We recognised three major research themes regarding the characteristics of LULC data, different simulated scenarios of LULC changes, and the role of future scenarios for both LULC and landslide susceptibility. The most frequently studied LULC classes included roads, soils (in the broadest sense), and forests, often to approximate the negative impacts of expanding infrastructure, deforestation, or major land use changes involving agricultural practice. We highlight several articles concerned primarily with current practice and future scenarios of changing land use in the context of landslides. The relevance of LULC in landslide susceptibility analysis is growing slowly, though with much potential to be explored for future LULC scenario analysis and to close gaps in many study areas.
Journal Article
Media spectacle and insurrection, 2011 : from the Arab uprisings to Occupy everywhere
Douglas Kellner elaborates upon his well known theory which explores how media spectacle can be used as a key to interpreting contemporary culture and politics. Grounded in both cultural and communication theory, Kellner argues that politics, war, news and information, media events (like terrorist attacks or royal weddings), and now democratic uprisings, are currently organized around media spectacles, and demonstrates how and why this has occurred.Rooting the discussions within key events of 2011 - including the war in Libya, the Arab Uprisings, the wedding of William Windsor to Kate Middleton, the killing of Osama bin Laden, and the Occupy movements - Media Spectacle and Insurrection, 2011 makes a highly relevant contribution to the field of media and communication studies. It offers a fresh perspective on the theme of contemporary media spectacle and politics by adopting an approach that is based around critical social and cultural theory. This series gives students a strong critical grounding from which to examine new media.
BOOK
Could road constructions be more hazardous than an earthquake in terms of mass movement?
Roads can have a significant impact on the frequency of mass wasting events in mountainous areas. However, characterizing the extent and pervasiveness of mass movements over time has rarely been documented due to limitations in available data sources to consistently map such events. We monitored the evolution of a road network and assessed its effect on mass movements for a 11-year window in Arhavi, Turkey. The main road construction projects run in the area are associated with a hydroelectric power plant as well as other road extension works and are clearly associated with the vast majority (90.1%) of mass movements in the area. We also notice that the overall number and size of the mass movements are much larger than in the naturally occurring comparison area. This means that the sediment load originating from the anthropogenically induced mass movements is larger than its counterpart associated with naturally occurring landslides. Notably, this extra sediment load could cause river channel aggregation, reduce accommodation space and as a consequence, it could lead to an increase in the probability and severity of flooding along the river channel. This marks a strong and negative effect of human activities on the natural course of earth surface processes. We also compare frequency-area distributions of human-induced mass movements mapped in this study and co-seismic landslide inventories from the literature. By doing so, we aim to better understand the consequences of human effects on mass movements in a comparative manner. Our findings show that the damage generated by the road construction in terms of sediment loads to river channels is compatible with the possible effect of a theoretical earthquake with a magnitude greater than Mw = 6.0.
Journal Article
Border crossings and mobilities on screen
\"Border Crossings and Mobilities on Screen explores the movement, fluidity and change characterizing contemporary life, as represented on screen media, from mobile devices, to television, film, computers, video art and advertising displays. People have never moved around more, and increasingly migration and mobility has come to shape both our understandings of ourselves, and the ways in which we interpret and mediate the world we live in. As people move, media plays a key role in shaping and reshaping identity and belonging, opening the doors to transnational and transcultural participation. Drawing on screen media case studies from around the world, this book demonstrates how screen mobilities reconfigure notions of space, place, network and border regimes. The increasing ease of consumption and production of media has allowed for an unprecedented fluidity and mobility of class, gender, sexuality, nation and transnation, individual freedoms and aspirations. Putting people at the core of the book, this book shows the many ways in which people are using screen media to create identity, participation and meaning. The rich picture built up over the many chapters of this interdisciplinary volume raise important questions about the nature of contemporary media experiences. At a time of great change in the ways in which people move and connect with each other, this book provides an important global snapshot for researchers across the fields of media, communication and screen studies; sociology of communication; global studies and transnationalism; cultural studies; culture and identity; digital cultures; travel, tourism and place\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
A Comprehensive Review on Debris Flow Landslide Assessment Using Rapid Mass Movement Simulation (RAMMS)
Debris flows show massive threats to mountainous regions. This review paper critically studies the use of the RAMMS (Rapid Mass Movement Simulation) software in debris flow assessment. RAMMS, a widely employed simulation tool, offers a comprehensive framework for predicting the dynamics and runout behaviour and flow pattern of debris flows. The existing literature, encompassing a diverse range of studies that utilize RAMMS for debris flow assessment. This paper first provides an overview of the fundamental principles and capabilities of RAMMS, highlighting its capabilities in simulating complex interactions within debris flows, such as topographic variations, material properties, and dynamic triggering mechanisms along with the velocity, density and frictional coefficient. Subsequently, a synthesis of empirical case studies from different geographical contexts demonstrates the adaptability and applicability of RAMMS in different terrains. The introductory section provides a foundational understanding of RAMMS, explaining its features and functionalities that make it a potent tool for simulating rapid mass movements. The subsequent literature review part critically studies the works of different authors who have contributed significantly to the discourse surrounding RAMMS and its application to debris flow analysis. This section is investigated into the diverse perspectives and insights presented by researchers, offering a comprehensive overview of the model’s capabilities and limitations. As an invaluable resource for geoscientists, engineers, and decision-makers, RAMMS simulation contributes significantly to understand and manage of natural hazards in complex landscapes.
Journal Article
Media and protest logics in the digital era : the Umbrella Movement in Hong Kong
\"For 79 days in late 2014, Hong Kong became the focus of international attention due to a public demonstration for \"genuine democracy\" that would become known as the Umbrella Movement. During this time, twenty percent of the local population would join the demonstration, the most large-scale and sustained act of civil disobedience in Hong Kong's history -- and the largest public protest campaign in China since the 1989 student movement in Beijing. On the surface this movement was not unlike other large-scale protest movements that have occurred around the world in recent years. But the authors argue that it was distinct in how bottom-up processes evolved into a centrally organized, programmatic movement with concrete policy demands. As well, they argue that the particular spark for the movement was a flourishing culture of protest in Hong Kong, but conditioned by a relatively conservative public ethos, in which order is paramount. Lee and Chan analyze how traditional mass media institutions and digital media combined with on-the-ground networks in such a way as to propel citizen participation and the evolution of the movement as a whole. As such they argue that the Umbrella Movement is important in the way it sheds light on the rise of digital-media-enabled social movements, the relationship between digital media platforms and legacy media institutions, the power and limitations of such occupation protests and new \"action logics,\" and the continual significance of 'old' protest logics of resource mobilization and collective action frames\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Debris Flow Susceptibility Mapping Using Machine-Learning Techniques in Shigatse Area, China
Debris flows have been always a serious problem in the mountain areas. Research on the assessment of debris flows susceptibility (DFS) is useful for preventing and mitigating debris flow risks. The main purpose of this work is to study the DFS in the Shigatse area of Tibet, by using machine learning methods, after assessing the main triggering factors of debris flows. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) are used to obtain datasets of topography, vegetation, human activities and soil factors for local debris flows. The problem of debris flow susceptibility level imbalances in datasets is addressed by the Borderline-SMOTE method. Five machine learning methods, i.e., back propagation neural network (BPNN), one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) have been used to analyze and fit the relationship between debris flow triggering factors and occurrence, and to evaluate the weight of each triggering factor. The ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests have revealed that the XGBoost model exhibited the best mean accuracy (0.924) on ten-fold cross-validation and the performance was significantly better than that of the BPNN (0.871), DT (0.816), and RF (0.901). However, the performance of the XGBoost did not significantly differ from that of the 1D-CNN (0.914). This is also the first comparison experiment between XGBoost and 1D-CNN methods in the DFS study. The DFS maps have been verified by five evaluation methods: Precision, Recall, F1 score, Accuracy and area under the curve (AUC). Experiments show that the XGBoost has the best score, and the factors that have a greater impact on debris flows are aspect, annual average rainfall, profile curvature, and elevation.
Journal Article
Application of an optical fiber-based system for mass movement monitoring
This paper assesses the stages and findings of a mass movement monitoring system developed for continuous long-term monitoring applications using optical fiber cable as a sensor to decrease the risks associated with slope instabilities. During this study, a system composed of optical fiber cables and a device referred to as the Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analyzer (BOTDA) has been used. This system has been implemented in a risky landslide area in the Bahçecik region of Kocaeli, one of the active landslide-prone regions in the Marmara region, Turkey. The strain data have enabled investigating the effects of precipitation, groundwater level fluctuation, and temperature change on mass movement for a period of 6 months. The evaluation of the data revealed that the change in strain was directly proportional to precipitation, groundwater head, and temperature difference. The mass movement characteristics that were validated by periodical surface topography monitoring measurements have shown that the variation of the relative displacements was in good agreement with the displacements estimated by the optical fiber system. These results showed that the system gave reliable results regarding the suitability of the utilized cable for mass movement monitoring. Since this study is the first study performed ever in Turkey that has used optical fibers for mass movement assessment, the results discussed in this paper are expected to guide slope monitoring and early warning system applications. It is anticipated that the system will also contribute significantly to understanding the impact of precipitation, groundwater level, and temperature changes on mass movement.
Journal Article